Exploring Technology..

How to convert between HD and SD video files on Mac/Windows

2011-08-03T07:03:00.000-07:00

How to convert between HD and SD video files on Mac/Windows

Nowadays, people have so many kinds of portable music/video players, and they play different video formats, so how to convert video from one popular video format to another is a question. Now I will give you a excellent total video converter:Aiseesoft Total Video Converter.With it, you can convert General Video such as FLV, WMV, AIV, 3GP, MP4 and HD video such as TOD, MOD, TS, M2TS, MTS, MOV, etc.Now just let’s see how effective the software conversion is. The software can adjust CPU usage manually. The video length of 2 hours needs about 3-4 h conversion time.The software can convert video to MP4, MKV, WMV, AVI and others like H.264, 3GP and DivX etc.. What is not said, that more experience is not as their own. You can download and install Aiseesoft Total Video Converter.

Windows 8 vs. Mac Os X Lion Comparison

2011-08-03T07:02:00.000-07:00

Windows 8 vs. Mac Os X Lion Comparison

It is rather difficult to compare Windows and Mac OS 8 X Lion, including because although we know from yesterday is already a lot on the topic of "Lion King" still we have only the residual information about the new system, Windows. We only know what exists and that its user interface is friendly to the tablets. So Apple, as well as Microsoft, is trying to bring to his tablets, and personal computers. Steve Jobs said that some of the features iOS (operating system for iPad) is to introduce in Mac OS X. In the case of Windows 8, Ballmer and the union, decided to step more radical.

Windows 8 should be an operating system that will work on every computer. Will be designed in to work on the tablets, but also turns on the PC, laptops, netbooks, and computer all-in-one. I guess it has its advantages: no need to learn a new operating system will no longer jump between the personal computer and a tablet. The software will operate anywhere in the same way. There are many roads that can head to Microsoft. Apple, instead seek to be a perfect system keeps the distinction between smart phones and tablets (with iOS) and personal computers running OS X. wt Here the main aim is to transfer functions with the best tablet also Mac OS X Lion. This approach - in this moment - it seems more judicious.

Windows 8 in the test version was shown on the touch screen, but it is also designed for large screen, where it is necessary to work with a keyboard and mouse. In the first place was changed the desktop, where instead of the usual folders are now placed lively panel applications, such as a mobile Windows Phone 7. This will once again not to go into the program and see all the updates, such as weather or RSS-flow, directly to your desktop.

Windows 8 in the test version was shown on the touch screen, but she also designed for "large" PK, where it is necessary to work with a keyboard and mouse. In the first place was changed the desktop, where instead of the usual folders are now placed lively panel applications, such as a mobile Windows Phone 7. This will once again not to go into the program and see all the updates, such as weather or RSS-flow, directly to your desktop.

Interestingly implemented multitasking function when the application window can be dragged from left to right and vice versa, grabbing the mouse or finger over the very edge of the screen. Other features of Windows 8, you can note the appearance of store applications, the analogue Mac App Store, as well as improved Internet Explorer 10.

To cover the entire PC market, including tablet, Microsoft intends to provide its new operating system support processor architecture c ARM, which include NVIDIA, Qualcomm and Texas Instruments. Talk about some benefits of Windows 8 before Mac OS X Lion's too early - both axles has not yet been officially released. But Steve Ballmer will have an advantage in time, as the "Lion" will be seen next Monday. The head of Microsoft with their developers will be able to follow the user response to the new scheme of the operating system, which combines the operating system for PCs and smartphones, today to reflect on the popular feature store all data in the cloud, and, perhaps, will make a worthy competitor somewhere in 2012 year.

Mac OS X 10.7 aka Lion might be officially released in July. Two things are unusual because - the distribution channels and price. That Steve Jobs is not a fan of physical media, we have known for some time. The Blu-ray has been granted from the start a rejection, and the CD is long gone from the icon of iTunes. Even with the MacBook Air was the manufacturer of Cupertino, where the path will lead. The entire operating system is the absence of DVD drive on a USB stick installation.

The price of Mac OS X Lion: $ 29.99 for a copy to be acquired only on the Mac App Store that can be installed on multiple computers. Compared to the price of licenses for operating systems of competition (and not say we are restricted to a single computer most of the time), the price is absurdly cheap. It is obvious that Apple wants to eradicate piracy in its platform, taking advantage of. Mac OS X Lion will insist, only on the Mac App Store during the month of July. No hard copies or go to the store to buy it. This also implies a negative, can only be installed on computers with version 10.6.6 of Leopard or higher.

Otherwise, Snow Leopard will be installed before (unless Apple offers a most convenient way to update). There remain some points, such as how we format the computer and install the system from scratch.

Touch Interface

Multitouch gestures are nothing new, as can be with them for a long time to control the MacBook. Lion Among them are also on your desktop computer to play a much bigger role, even more so in conjunction with the Magic trackpad. Way can enlarge photos by dragging, browse documents with a wiping motion and other things that are already on your iPhone or iPhone is used.

HTC ChaCha launched in India

2011-08-03T06:41:00.000-07:00

NEW DELHI: Taiwan-based HTC Corp and Tata DOCOMO have launched HTC ChaCha in India. HTC ChaCha runs on Android operating system and boasts of a 2.6-inch screen. The 480 x 320 resolution touchscreen comes with a full QWERTY keypad.

The smartphone features a 5 megapixel camera with autofocus and LED flash and a VGA front-facing camera for video calling. HTC ChaCha is the company's rumoured 'Facebook phone'. Featuring a dedicated Facebook key it gives users one-touch access to the social network. As a part of the offer, 3G prepaid customers get 3GB free data valid for a period of 90 days. Postpaid customers get 1GB free every month valid for 90 days. All 3G customers will also get 3 hour of free Mobile TV this includes data access charges valid for 90 days. For 2G prepaid customers, the offer has 3GB free data and 300 Tata to Tata local calls free. The smartphone is priced at Rs 15,990.

Micromax A70 in India

2011-08-03T06:40:00.000-07:00

Micromax A70 Specifications:

3.2 inch 262K TFT, (320*480 pixels) capacitive display
Android 2.2
5MP camera, 0.3 MP front camera
1450 mAh battery
Bluetooth 2.1v
111mmx58mmx13.5mm

difference between LCD and LED monitor

2011-08-03T06:38:00.000-07:00

difference between LCD and LED monitor

LCD picture tube contain, the tubes actually filled with some liquid in it while

LED contain the small LED bulbs. LED TV's gives more clarity than LCD and also gives like low power consumption. LED can be viewed in any angle but only if you are big fan of HD clarity then go for LED otherwise normal TV viewing hardly makes a difference

The LEDs can come in two forms, Dynamic RGB LEDs which are positioned behind the panel, or white Edge-LEDs positioned around the rim of the screen which use a special diffusion panel to spread the light evenly behind the screen.

RGB Dynamic LED TV This method of backlighting allows dimming to occur locally creating specific areas of darkness on the screen. This means you see truer blacks and much higher dynamic co ntrast ratios

Edge-LED TV This method of backlighting allows for LED TVs to become extremely thin. The light is diffused across the screen by a special panel which produces a superb uniform colour range across the screen. Currently LEDs are not small enough to be used for individual pixels in domestic televisions, and so the use of true LED TVs is restricted to much larger screens in places such as sport stadia. Don't let this put you off however, as there are some great benefits to choosing an LED TV over a standard LCD TV. • Improved brightness and contrast levels, with deeper blacks. • The use of Edge-LED lighting allows the TV to be thinner than standard LCD TVs. • LED TVs can consume up to 40% less power than a LCD TV of similar size • They can offer a wider colour gamut, especially when RGB-LED backlighting is used. LED TVs are also more environmentally friendly due to there being no mercury used during manufacture. Overall there are many benefits to buying a LED TV rather than a standard LCD TV. A comparison between LED and LCD can be found here on the LED vs LCD page.

LED TVs have been heavily hyped lately as the next big thing in hi-def TVs, with improved picture quality compared to their LCD counterparts. This claim is a little deceptive, as LED TVs are essentially LCD TVs, the main difference being that LEDs use light emitting diodes as backlighting as opposed to the standard fluorescent tubing used in LCDs. That said, there are many benefits of LED TVs and many reasons why you should buy one. This article will give you some of the reasons why you should buy an LED TV.

Better picture quality. Most experts agree on this. Even a cursory examination at the store would show that LEDs have better image quality compared with LCDs or plasma TVs. The reason for this is that the LED backlighting allows for improved contrast levels and display of blacks as well as better color accuracy. And if you get a full array LED TV, in which the LEDs are arranged across the entire surface of the screen, there is little light leakage from the screen in darker scenes, allowing for better dark levels than those of other types of hi-def flat screen TVs.

Brighter Pictures. This is a particularly important consideration if you’re planning to use your LED TV in a room with a big picture window, such as your living room, or one that otherwise is brightly lit. Apart from a more brightly-lit picture, LED TVs also have non-reflective screens, reducing glare and making viewing easier.

Lower power consumption. In general, LED TVs use less electricity to run compared with LCD TVs. However, this may not be true for all types of LEDs. According to experts, edge-lit LEDs, in which the LEDs are arranged around the edges of the panel, use 30% to 40% less power than LCDs or plasmas. But the same may not be true for some models of full-array LEDs, which may even use more power than plasma TVs. So if this is a concern for you, check the model of LED TV you’re buying very carefully.

Better aesthetics. Depending on which type of LED TV you’re getting, they can be extremely thin, making them not only easier to install in your home theater, but also more attractive to look at. Again, however, there are differences between models, as LEDs that use the edge backlight technology are generally thinner than those which use full-array LEDs.

More environment-friendly. LED TVs do not use mercury, compared with the traditional LCD TVs, which makes disposing of them safer when they have to be replaced. And they reportedly last longer than LCD TVs, which means they’ll need to be replaced less frequently than other types of TVs. Some manufacturers are even claiming a life of 100,000 hours although this has yet to be validated.

AMD's Next Gen. Korona High-End Desktop Platform

2011-08-03T06:37:00.001-07:00

AMD's Next Gen. Korona High-End Desktop Platform

AMD's next generation high-end desktop platform codenamed "Korona", will fuse the processor silicon with the northbridge. Currently, the "Scorpius" platform which is partially launched, follows the slightly older platform layout of a processor with IMC, and a 2-chip chipset. The PCI-Express root complex is still in the chipset. Scorpius includes upcoming FX Series "Zambezi" processors, and AMD 9-series desktop chipset, with AM3+ socket. AMD has a parallel platform that caters to value-thru-mainstream segments, the "Lynx" platform, which has already transitioned to the 2-chip model in which the APU chip packs processor cores, an IMC, a PCI-Express root complex, and a GPU.

Korona platform, due for 2012, will consist of a new CPU architecture called "Piledriver", that succeeds the yet to be released "Bulldozer". Nothing else is known about Piledriver, except that the first high-end CPUs based on it will be codenamed "Komodo", and will pack 10 cores. Since this is a major platform layout rearrangement, Korona will introduce a new socket called FM2, it is quite logical to assume that the new socket will be incompatible with AM3+. Korona combines Komodo CPUs with Hudson D4 Fusion Controller Hub (FCH), which is just a glorified southbridge, much like the A75 chipset and Intel's Platform Controller Hub (PCH). The Hudson D4 packs no less than 8 SATA 6 Gb/s ports with RAID 0, 1, 5, 10 support; an integrated USB 3.0 controller with 4 ports, and 10 USB 2.0 ports. Given the particulars of this platform, we speculate that Komodo will be designed to be competitive with Intel's Ivy Bridge LGA1155 processors, or maybe even Sandy Bridge-E, if only we know the number of DDR3 memory channels Komodo will have. This doesn't mean that you shouldn't wait for Zambezi, "2012" is a vague date. For all you know, Korona could even be released by the very end of 2012.

good wireless mouse and keyboard

2011-08-03T06:36:00.001-07:00

Logitech MK320 - Rs 1200

LG CRT Monitor Front Light Blinking Problem

2011-08-03T06:34:00.000-07:00

LG CRT Monitor Front Light Blinking Problem

change irf ic

BSNL Home Combo 900UL Plan

2011-08-03T06:31:00.000-07:00

Which gives (by word) 4 Mbps Speed till 8 GB and there after 256Kbps till that Month End. and also 400 free Calls for Rs.900/Month
Offers 20% discount for annual Payment!!
another 20% for Govt Staff!!!
or if you can use it at the most at Midnight 2am to 8am means
BSNL Home Combo500PLus is Best
Which gives 2Mbps Speed and 2.5GB usage
and 2am to 8am Unlimited free
also 250 free Calls for Rs.600/Month

Hindi OCR Software Free Download Full Version Read Hindi Scan Files

2011-04-24T04:33:00.000-07:00

The software was scanned using any Hindi text extract from the file that can be edited.

Download

The Unicode-based tool which you in-script - Keyboard layout with the convenience can type.

2011-04-24T04:32:00.000-07:00

The Unicode-based tool which you in-script - Keyboard layout with the convenience can type.

Download

English and Hindi dictionary, meaning of English words In hindi

2011-04-24T04:31:00.000-07:00

English and Hindi dictionary facility here and you can easily find the meaning of English words In Hindi.

Hindi Downloas

Type in Hindi made by this tool you can check the file changes the spelling. It shows you the mistakes and its possible right word which you sort

2011-04-24T04:29:00.000-07:00

Type in Hindi made by this tool you can check the file changes the spelling. It shows you the mistakes and its possible right word which you can sort an option.

Hindi Download

English to Hindi Translation Offline Tool Software

2011-04-24T04:25:00.000-07:00

This tool is English text translation in Hindi. it works offline Mode no internet is required.

Download

Hindi Speech

2011-04-24T01:26:00.000-07:00

Free Download

Hindi Text to Voice Indian Language Software , Hindi Text to Speech Indian Languages

2011-04-24T01:21:00.000-07:00

Software For Hindi Text to Voice Indian Language Software , Hindi Text to Speech Indian Languages

Click To Download

Rakhi Sawant Claims Director asked her to Strip off during Audition

2010-05-30T04:30:00.000-07:00

Starlet Rakhi Sawant claims the refined filmmaker Arjun Sablok asked her to reveal her twin assets at an audition for his first film Na Tum Jano Na Hum.

But Arjun, busy wrapping up his second feature Neal & Nikkie is far from red-faced about the 'blue' accusation.

"If a particular actress is required to do a certain amount of skin show for my film I'd certainly want to make sure that she has the attributes to look aesthetic.

Na Tum Jano Na Hum had lots of very hot babes from Achala Sachdev to Rakhi Sawant parading their assets on screen. Now my Neil & Nikkie also has a bevy of beauties making fleeting appearance. And yes, we did audition them before allowing them to be displayed as dishy divas on screen.

Having said that I'll have to disappoint those who are looking for further titillation in this story. I didn't personally audition Rakhi or any of girls in Na Tum Jano Na Hum.

It was my assistant Maria who supervised Rakhi's audition. In fact there are three male and three female assistants for the male and female actors."

Arjun shoots down the theory that female wannabes are exploited.

"The casting couch is a myth, as far as I'm concerned. I won't give any actresss a role just because she's willing to oblige. Are you nuts? Do you think any filmmamker would risk crores on a quickie? Rakhi Sawant was chosen because she suited the role in Na Tum Jano…

"In fact she has shown me a great deal of respect by saying I never touched her. I like her spirit and her determination to make the best of what she's got. Everyone is entitled to use his or her talents. Rakhi is doing just that."

Arjun's new film Neal & Nikkie has as many as 21 beauties from all over the world.

"We auditioned hordes of ladies for all the 21 parts. And none of them is Rakhi Sawant," Arjun ends with a glint in the eye.

Simple way to Make Double mobile internet speed in one click

2010-05-30T04:26:00.000-07:00

Visit http://mobilespeedtest.com and run speed test to know your current mobile internet speed.
Then visit http://wap.emobistudio.com and go to product section and download and install demo version of NetworkAcc software. Then run the software on your mobile and Accelerate your mobile internet speed.
Then again visit http://mobilespeedtest.com and run speed test to know your accelerated mobile internet speed.
Share your experiences. ⁮

MTNL Started to provide online broadband security

2010-05-30T04:24:00.000-07:00

Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd (MTNL) Tuesday entered into a pact with security services provider F-secure to provide online protection to its broadband customers.

The MTNL PC protection, offering the latest antivirus, will be available for free to the subscribers for first 30 days and after that the customers will have to pay Rs.2 per day for using the security services.

Bangladesh has blocked social networking website Facebook!!

2010-05-30T04:22:00.001-07:00

Bangladesh has blocked social networking website Facebook over caricatures of the Prophet Mohammed and "obnoxious" images of the Muslim-majority country's leaders, an official said Sunday.

The move came after Pakistan banned access to Facebook, video website YouTube and 1,200 web pages over a row about "blasphemous" content on the Internet.

Facebook was blocked in Bangladesh late Saturday, the Bangladesh Telecommunications Regulatory Commission said.

The move was ordered as cartoons of Mohammed on the popular website "hurt the religious sentiments of the country's Muslim population", BTRC acting chairman Hasan Mahmud Delwar told AFP.

"Some links in the site also contained obnoxious images of our leaders including the father of the nation Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, current Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, and the leader of the opposition," he said.

He said Facebook would be re-opened once Bangladesh had permanently blocked the offending pages.

The country's anti-crime Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) said it had arrested one man over the images of political leaders.

"A special intelligence team arrested him and he has been charged with spreading malice," senior RAB official Enamul Kabir said.

Kabir said the arrested man used at least six Facebook accounts to post the images but officials declined to give details of the depictions, which were not immediately showing up on the site Sunday.

On Friday thousands of Bangladeshis took to the streets of the capital Dhaka, demanding that the government ban Facebook over what they called "anti-Islamic propaganda".

The protests were triggered by a "Everybody Draw Mohammed Day" campaign on Facebook, which its anonymous promoters said was in defence of freedom of expression.

Muslims regard all depictions of Islam's founding prophet as blasphemous.
"Drawing caricatures of the Prophet Mohammed is an attack on Islam and is extremely humiliating for Islam," Dhaka protest organiser A.T.M. Hemayet Uddin told thousands of cheering supporters.

In a counter-demonstration, Dhaka University students held a rally on the campus late Saturday, urging authorities to lift the Facebook block immediately, according to the Daily Star newspaper.

Pakistan has restored access to YouTube, but Facebook and 1,200 web pages remain blocked.

Last year Bangladesh also blocked YouTube for several days after the video site hosted a recording of an angry dispute between Prime Minister Hasina and army officers over a deadly military mutiny.

Bangladesh has nearly one million Facebook account holders -- a sixth of all Internet users, according to the BTRC. Hasina and opposition leader Khaleda Zia have fan pages on Facebook.

The site has previously attracted government ire over allegations it spreads pornography and fraudulent money-making schemes.

"There have been growing cyber-crimes related to Facebook and other social networking sites. The laws are inadequate to fight these crimes," RAB spokesman Mohammad Sohail said.

In March, officers arrested a Dhaka-based stocks tipster with more than 10,000 Facebook followers on charges of manipulating Bangladesh's stock exchange.

Savitabhahi.com new Version Our Dear SavitaBhabhi Has a New Home (NSFW)

2009-12-20T08:17:00.000-08:00

Savitabhahi.com gives me great pleasure (not really) to announce that SavitaBhabhi, the infamous porn cartoon that was banned in India back in summers (read:And finally, Indian Govt. Bans SavitaBhabhi, the Porn Cartoon Site?) has found a new home this winter.
Don’t get curious as yet i will give you her new address but before that let me bring to your notice that the owner, Deshmukh, had tried hosting it on a lot of domains including a blogspot subdomain but all got banned(some detection technology, huh!).

In the past six months SavitaBhabhi.com’s traffic has fallen tremendously but still it maintains a 983 Alexa India rank. I dont understand how that was possible even after a ban. Even after all the hurdles the team spirit was high and continued serving new content to whatever little (by no means) traffic they had. True startup spirit!

Savitabhabhi can now be reached on her new adress at Kirtu.com. This time with a bigger bang as there are more cartoon strip coming up. SavitaBhabhi owners are also looking at doing a full length movie starring SB herself but are falling short of creative people with fire in them(real fire for sure!).

Keep Folders Hidden

2009-12-07T19:13:00.001-08:00

First create a new folder somewhere on your hard drivewhen you name it hold down "Alt" and press "0160" this will create and invisible space so it will apper as if it has no name.

then right click in and select "Properties" select the tab "coustimize" and select "change icon" scroll along and you should a few blanc spaces click on any one and click ok when you hav saved the settings the folder will be invisible to hide all your personal files

HOW TO CHANGE THE CMOS BATTERY

2009-12-07T19:11:00.000-08:00

The inside of a computer is a bad place full of electricity and sharp edges.

On the electricity side always when working on you computer make sure that it’s still plugged in to the power socket and the power is turned off, this is to ensure that any static From you is discharged through the earth. The inside of most computer cases are unfinished metal and has very sharp edges so be careful.

The first signs of a battery failing are:-

1) your clock starts running slowly
2) when you boot (start) your computer it has a problem finding your hardware (no hard drive, no cd rom)

To change the battery you need the following tools

1) a X-point screwdriver
2) an anti-static strap(optional)
3) a new battery (seems logical)

Then unplug all the cables from the back of the computer as you remove them make a note where they came from. (So when you finished you can put them back)

Move the computer somewhere where you can work on it with ease

Remove the cover by locating the screws around the outer edge (back) of the computer
Some computer cases only require you to remove 2 screws on one side then a panel can be removed allowing you access to the computers insides, others you must remove 6 screws and remove the whole case by sliding it to the rear and lifting it off.

Now make sure that you read the safety instructions about static.
Look inside you will see a round silver thing that looks about the size of a 10p piece (quarter). This is the battery itself, carefully lift the retaining clip and slide the battery out. That’s it removed now go to your local computer retailer, electrical retailer (Tandy/Radio shack) taking the old battery with you and get a new battery.

Back to your computer insert the new battery by lifting the clip and sliding the battery in.

Reinstall your case and plug all the cables back (you did remember to label them didn’t you)

Now for the fun part.

You will now need to go into you bios….

Right the bios is the god of your computer.

To access it, when your computer first starts you will see a black screen with white text.

If you look carefully you will see a line that says something like "press del for setup" or some other key (F2 or ESC or tab) this will take you to god's house where you can make lots of changes to the way your machine works.

It is also the place where you can make your nice computer in to a rather expensive door stop so be careful and don’t go playing with anything.

You will now be presented with a blue screen with a lot of options on it,
The one we want is load optimised/default settings.

Press the F10 key and type y the computer should now reboot.

If every thing went well then your computer will now be up and running.

Google secrets

2009-12-07T19:09:00.000-08:00

method 1
?ww.google.com

put this string in google search:

"parent directory " /appz/ -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums

"parent directory " DVDRip -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums

"parent directory "Xvid -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums

"parent directory " Gamez -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums

"parent directory " MP3 -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums

"parent directory " Name of Singer or album -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums

Notice that i am only changing the word after the parent directory, change it to what you want and you will get a lot of stuff.

method 2
?ww.google.com

put this string in google search:

?intitle:index.of? mp3

You only need add the name of the song/artist/singer.
Example: ?intitle:index.of? mp3 jackson

Evolution & Devlopment Of Computer Virus.

2009-12-07T19:07:00.000-08:00

Like any other field in computer science, viruses have evolved -a great deal indeed- over the years. In the series of press releases which start today, we will look at the origins and evolution of malicious code since it first appeared up to the present.

Going back to the origin of viruses, it was in 1949 that Mathematician John Von Neumann described self-replicating programs which could resemble computer viruses as they are known today. However, it was not until the 60s that we find the predecessor of current viruses. In that decade, a group of programmers developed a game called Core Wars, which could reproduce every time it was run, and even saturate the memory of other players’ computers. The creators of this peculiar game also created the first antivirus, an application named Reeper, which could destroy copies created by Core Wars.

However, it was only in 1983 that one of these programmers announced the existence of Core Wars, which was described the following year in a prestigious scientific magazine: this was actually the starting point of what we call computer viruses today.

At that time, a still young MS-DOS was starting to become the preeminent operating system worldwide. This was a system with great prospects, but still many deficiencies as well, which arose from software developments and the lack of many hardware elements known today. Even like this, this new operating system became the target of a virus in 1986: Brain, a malicious code created in Pakistan which infected boot sectors of disks so that their contents could not be accessed. That year also saw the birth of the first Trojan: an application called PC-Write.

Shortly after, virus writers realized that infecting files could be even more harmful to systems. In 1987, a virus called Suriv-02 appeared, which infected COM files and opened the door to the infamous viruses Jerusalem or Viernes 13. However, the worst was still to come: 1988 set the date when the “Morris worm” appeared, infecting 6,000 computers.

From that date up to 1995 the types of malicious codes that are known today started being developed: the first macro viruses appeared, polymorphic viruses … Some of these even triggered epidemics, such as MichaelAngelo. However, there was an event that changed the virus scenario worldwide: the massive use of the Internet and e-mail. Little by little, viruses started adapting to this new situation until the appearance, in 1999, of Melissa, the first malicious code to cause a worldwide epidemic, opening a new era for computer viruses.

part 2

This second installment of ‘The evolution of viruses’ will look at how malicious code used to spread before use of the Internet and e-mail became as commonplace as it is today, and the main objectives of the creators of those earlier viruses.
Until the worldwide web and e-mail were adopted as a standard means of communication the world over, the main mediums through which viruses spread were floppy disks, removable drives, CDs, etc., containing files that were already infected or with the virus code in an executable boot sector.

When a virus entered a system it could go memory resident, infecting other files as they were opened, or it could start to reproduce immediately, also infecting other files on the system. The virus code could also be triggered by a certain event, for example when the system clock reached a certain date or time. In this case, the virus creator would calculate the time necessary for the virus to spread and then set a date –often with some particular significance- for the virus to activate. In this way, the virus would have an incubation period during which it didn’t visibly affect computers, but just spread from one system to another waiting for ‘D-day’ to launch its payload. This incubation period would be vital to the virus successfully infecting as many computers as possible.

One classic example of a destructive virus that lay low before releasing its payload was CIH, also known as Chernobyl. The most damaging version of this malicious code activated on April 26, when it would try to overwrite the flash-BIOS, the memory which includes the code needed to control PC devices. This virus, which first appeared in June 1998, had a serious impact for over two years and still continues to infect computers today.

Because of the way in which they propagate, these viruses spread very slowly, especially in comparison to the speed of today’s malicious code. Towards the end of the Eighties, for example, the Friday 13th (or Jerusalem) virus needed a long time to actually spread and continued to infect computers for some years. In contrast, experts reckon that in January 2003, SQLSlammer took just ten minutes to cause global communication problems across the Internet.

Notoriety versus stealth

For the most part, in the past, the activation of a malicious code triggered a series of on screen messages or images, or caused sounds to be emitted to catch the user’s attention. Such was the case with the Ping Pong virus, which displayed a ball bouncing from one side of the screen to another. This kind of elaborate display was used by the creator of the virus to gain as much notoriety as possible. Nowadays however, the opposite is the norm, with virus authors trying to make malicious code as discreet as possible, infecting users’ systems without them noticing that anything is amiss.

pat 3

This third installment of ‘The evolution of viruses’ will look at how the Internet and e-mail changed the propagation techniques used by computer viruses.

Internet and e-mail revolutionized communications. However, as expected, virus creators didn’t take long to realize that along with this new means of communication, an excellent way of spreading their creations far and wide had also dawned. Therefore, they quickly changed their aim from infecting a few computers while drawing as much attention to themselves as possible, to damaging as many computers as possible, as quickly as possible. This change in strategy resulted in the first global virus epidemic, which was caused by the Melissa worm.

With the appearance of Melissa, the economic impact of a virus started to become an issue. As a result, users -above all companies- started to become seriously concerned about the consequences of viruses on the security of their computers. This is how users discovered antivirus programs, which started to be installed widely. However, this also brought about a new challenge for virus writers, how to slip past this protection and how to persuade users to run infected files.

The answer to which of these virus strategies was the most effective came in the form of a new worm: Love Letter, which used a simple but effective ruse that could be considered an early type of social engineering. This strategy involves inserting false messages that trick users into thinking that the message includes anything, except a virus. This worm’s bait was simple; it led users to believe that they had received a love letter.

This technique is still the most widely used. However, it is closely followed by another tactic that has been the center of attention lately: exploiting vulnerabilities in commonly used software. This strategy offers a range of possibilities depending on the security hole exploited. The first malicious code to use this method –and quite successfully- were the BubbleBoy and Kakworm worms. These worms exploited a vulnerability in Internet Explorer by inserting HTML code in the body of the e-mail message, which allowed them to run automatically, without needing the user to do a thing.

Vulnerabilities allow many different types of actions to be carried out. For example, they allow viruses to be dropped on computers directly from the Internet -such as the Blaster worm-. In fact, the effects of the virus depend on the vulnerability that the virus author tries to exploit.

part 4

In the early days of computers, there were relatively few PCs likely to contain “sensitive” information, such as credit card numbers or other financial data, and these were generally limited to large companies that had already incorporated computers into working processes.

In any event, information stored in computers was not likely to be compromised, unless the computer was connected to a network through which the information could be transmitted. Of course, there were exceptions to this and there were cases in which hackers perpetrated frauds using data stored in IT systems. However, this was achieved through typical hacking activities, with no viruses involved.

The advent of the Internet however caused virus creators to change their objectives, and, from that moment on, they tried to infect as many computers as possible in the shortest time. Also, the introduction of Internet services -like e-banking or online shopping- brought in another change. Some virus creators started writing malicious codes not to infect computers, but, to steal confidential data associated to those services. Evidently, to achieve this, they needed viruses that could infect many computers silently.

Their malicious labor was finally rewarded with the appearance, in 1986, of a new breed of malicious code generically called “Trojan Horse”, or simply “Trojan”. This first Trojan was called PC-Write and tried to pass itself off as the shareware version of a text processor. When run, the Trojan displayed a functional text processor on screen. The problem was that, while the user wrote, PC-Write deleted and corrupted files on the computers’ hard disk.

After PC-Write, this type of malicious code evolved very quickly to reach the stage of present-day Trojans. Today, many of the people who design Trojans to steal data cannot be considered virus writers but simply thieves who, instead of using blowtorches or dynamite have turned to viruses to commit their crimes. Ldpinch.W or the Bancos or Tolger families of Trojans are examples of this

part 5

Even though none of them can be left aside, some particular fields of computer science have played a more determinant role than others with regard to the evolution of viruses. One of the most influential fields has been the development of programming languages.

These languages are basically a means of communication with computers in order to tell them what to do. Even though each of them has its own specific development and formulation rules, computers in fact understand only one language called "machine code".

Programming languages act as an interpreter between the programmer and the computer. Obviously, the more directly you can communicate with the computer, the better it will understand you, and more complex actions you can ask it to perform.

According to this, programming languages can be divided into "low and high level" languages, depending on whether their syntax is more understandable for programmers or for computers. A "high level" language uses expressions that are easily understandable for most programmers, but not so much for computers. Visual Basic and C are good examples of this type of language.

On the contrary, expressions used by "low level" languages are closer to machine code, but are very difficult to understand for someone who has not been involved in the programming process. One of the most powerful, most widely used examples of this type of language is "assembler".

In order to explain the use of programming languages through virus history, it is necessary to refer to hardware evolution. It is not difficult to understand that an old 8-bit processor does not have the power of modern 64-bit processors, and this of course, has had an impact on the programming languages used.

In this and the next installments of this series, we will look at the different programming languages used by virus creators through computer history:

- Virus antecessors: Core Wars

As was already explained in the first chapter of this series, a group of programs called Core Wars, developed by engineers at an important telecommunications company, are considered the antecessors of current-day viruses. Computer science was still in the early stages and programming languages had hardly developed. For this reason, authors of these proto-viruses used a language that was almost equal to machine code to program them.

Curiously enough, it seems that one of the Core Wars programmers was Robert Thomas Morris, whose son programmed -years later- the "Morris worm". This malicious code became extraordinarily famous since it managed to infect 6,000 computers, an impressive figure for 1988.

- The new gurus of the 8-bits and the assembler language.

The names Altair, IMSAI and Apple in USA and Sinclair, Atari and Commodore in Europe, bring memories of times gone by, when a new generation of computer enthusiasts "fought" to establish their place in the programming world. To be the best, programmers needed to have profound knowledge of machine code and assembler, as interpreters of high-level languages used too much run time. BASIC, for example, was a relatively easy to learn language which allowed users to develop programs simply and quickly. It had however, many limitations.

This caused the appearance of two groups of programmers: those who used assembler and those who turned to high-level languages (BASIC and PASCAL, mainly).

Computer aficionados of the time enjoyed themselves more by programming useful software than malware. However, 1981 saw the birth of what can be considered the first 8-bit virus. Its name was "Elk Cloner", and was programmed in machine code. This virus could infect Apple II systems and displayed a message when it infected a computer.

part 6

Computer viruses evolve in much the same way as in other areas of IT. Two of the most important factors in understanding how viruses have reached their current level are the development of programming languages and the appearance of increasingly powerful hardware.

In 1981, almost at the same time as Elk Kloner (the first virus for 8-bit processors) made its appearance, a new operating system was growing in popularity. Its full name was Microsoft Disk Operating System, although computer buffs throughout the world would soon refer to it simply as DOS.

DOS viruses

The development of MS DOS systems occurred in parallel to the appearance of new, more powerful hardware. Personal computers were gradually establishing themselves as tools that people could use in their everyday lives, and the result was that the number of PCs users grew substantially. Perhaps inevitably, more users also started creating viruses. Gradually, we witnessed the appearance of the first viruses and Trojans for DOS, written in assembler language and demonstrating a degree of skill on the part of their authors.

Far less programmers know assembler language than are familiar with high-level languages that are far easier to learn. Malicious code written in Fortran, Basic, Cobol, C or Pascal soon began to appear. The last two languages, which are well established and very powerful, are the most widely used, particularly in their TurboC and Turbo Pascal versions. This ultimately led to the appearance of “virus families”: that is, viruses that are followed by a vast number of related viruses which are slightly modified forms of the original code.

Other users took the less ‘artistic’ approach of creating destructive viruses that did not require any great knowledge of programming. As a result, batch processing file viruses or BAT viruses began to appear.

Win16 viruses

The development of 16-bit processors led to a new era in computing. The first consequence was the birth of Windows, which, at the time, was just an application to make it easier to handle DOS using a graphic interface.

The structure of Windows 3.xx files is rather difficult to understand, and the assembler language code is very complicated, as a result of which few programmers initially attempted to develop viruses for this platform. But this problem was soon solved thanks to the development of programming tools for high-level languages, above all Visual Basic. This application is so effective that many virus creators adopted it as their ‘daily working tool’. This meant that writing a virus had become a very straightforward task, and viruses soon appeared in their hundreds. This development was accompanied by the appearance of the first Trojans able to steal passwords. As a result, more than 500 variants of the AOL Trojan family -designed to steal personal information from infected computers- were identified.

part 7

This seventh edition on the history of computer viruses will look at how the development of Windows and Visual Basic has influenced the evolution of viruses, as with the development of these, worldwide epidemics also evolved such as the first one caused by Melissa in 1999.

While Windows changed from being an application designed to make DOS easier to manage to a 32-bit platform and operating system in its own right, virus creators went back to using assembler as the main language for programming viruses.

Versions 5 and 6 of Visual Basic (VB) were developed, making it the preferred tool, along with Borland Delphi (the Pascal development for the Windows environment), for Trojan and worm writers. Then, Visual C, a powerful environment developed in C for Windows, was adopted for creating viruses, Trojans and worms. This last type of malware gained unusual strength, taking over almost all other types of viruses. Even though the characteristics of worms have changed over time, they all have the same objective: to spread to as many computers as possible, as quickly as possible.

With time, Visual Basic became extremely popular and Microsoft implemented part of the functionality of this language as an interpreter capable of running script files with a similar syntax.

At the same time as the Win32 platform was implemented, the first script viruses also appeared: malware inside a simple text file. These demonstrated that not only executable files (.EXE and .COM files) could carry viruses. As already seen with BAT viruses, there are also other means of propagation, proving the saying "anything that can be executed directly or through a interpreter can contain malware." To be specific, the first viruses that infected the macros included in Microsoft Office emerged. As a result, Word, Excel, Access and PowerPoint become ways of spreading ‘lethal weapons’, which destroyed information when the user simply opened a document.

Melissa and self-executing worms

The powerful script interpreters in Microsoft Office allowed virus authors to arm their creations with the characteristics of worms. A clear example is Melissa, a Word macro virus with the characteristics of a worm that infects Word 97 and 2000 documents. This worm automatically sends itself out as an attachment to an e-mail message to the first 50 contacts in the Outlook address book on the affected computer. This technique, which has unfortunately become very popular nowadays, was first used in this virus which, in 1999, caused one of the largest epidemics in computer history in just a few days. In fact, companies like Microsoft, Intel or Lucent Technologies had to block their connections to the Internet due to the actions of Melissa.

The technique started by Melissa was developed in 1999 by viruses like VBS/Freelink, which unlike its predecessor sent itself out to all the contacts in the address book on the infected PC. This started a new wave of worms capable of sending themselves out to all the contacts in the Outlook address book on the infected computer. Of these, the worm that most stands out from the rest is VBS/LoveLetter, more commonly known as ‘I love You’, which emerged in May 2000 and caused an epidemic that caused damage estimated at 10,000 million euros. In order to get the user’s attention and help it to spread, this worm sent itself out in an e-mail message with the subject ‘ILOVEYOU’ and an attached file called ‘LOVE-LETTER-FOR-YOU.TXT.VBS’. When the user opened this attachment, the computer was infected.

As well as Melissa, in 1999 another type of virus emerged that also marked a milestone in virus history. In November of that year, VBS/BubbleBoy appeared, a new type of Internet worm written in VB Script. VBS/BubbleBoy was automatically run without the user needing to click on an attached file, as it exploited a vulnerability in Internet Explorer 5 to automatically run when the message was opened or viewed. This worm was followed in 2000 by JS/Kak.Worm, which spread by hiding behind Java Script in the auto-signature in Microsoft Outlook Express, allowing it to infect computers without the user needing to run an attached file. These were the first samples of a series of worms, which were joined later on by worms capable of attacking computers when the user is browsing the Internet.

COMPUTER ACRONYMS

2009-12-07T19:01:00.000-08:00

COMPUTER ACRONYMS

==A==
ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port
ALI - Acer Labs, Incorporated
ALU - Arithmetic Logic Unit
AMD - Advanced Micro Devices
APC - American Power Conversion
ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASIC - Application Specific Integrated Circuit
ASPI - Advanced SCSI Programming Interface
AT - Advanced Technology
ATI - ATI Technologies Inc.
ATX - Advanced Technology Extended

--- B ---
BFG - BFG Technologies
BIOS - Basic Input Output System
BNC - Barrel Nut Connector

--- C ---
CAS - Column Address Signal
CD - Compact Disk
CDR - Compact Disk Recorder
CDRW - Compact Disk Re-Writer
CD-ROM - Compact Disk - Read Only Memory
CFM - Cubic Feet per Minute (ft�/min)
CMOS - Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
CPU - Central Processing Unit
CTX - CTX Technology Corporation (Commited to Excellence)

--- D ---

DDR - Double Data Rate
DDR-SDRAM - Double Data Rate - Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
DFI - DFI Inc. (Design for Innovation)
DIMM - Dual Inline Memory Module
DRAM - Dynamic Random Access Memory
DPI - Dots Per Inch
DSL - See ASDL
DVD - Digital Versatile Disc
DVD-RAM - Digital Versatile Disk - Random Access Memory

--- E ---
ECC - Error Correction Code
ECS - Elitegroup Computer Systems
EDO - Extended Data Out
EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
EVGA - EVGA Corporation

--- F ---
FC-PGA - Flip Chip Pin Grid Array
FDC - Floppy Disk Controller
FDD - Floppy Disk Drive
FPS - Frame Per Second
FPU - Floating Point Unit
FSAA - Full Screen Anti-Aliasing
FS - For Sale
FSB - Front Side Bus

--- G ---
GB - Gigabytes
GBps - Gigabytes per second or Gigabits per second
GDI - Graphical Device Interface
GHz - GigaHertz

--- H ---
HDD - Hard Disk Drive
HIS - Hightech Information System Limited
HP - Hewlett-Packard Development Company
HSF - Heatsink-Fan

--- I ---
IBM - International Business Machines Corporation
IC - Integrated Circuit
IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics
IFS- Item for Sale
IRQ - Interrupt Request
ISA - Industry Standard Architecture
ISO - International Standards Organization

--- J ---
JBL - JBL (Jame B. Lansing) Speakers
JVC - JVC Company of America

- K ---
Kbps - Kilobits Per Second
KBps - KiloBytes per second

--- L ---
LG - LG Electronics
LAN - Local Area Network
LCD - Liquid Crystal Display
LDT - Lightning Data Transport
LED - Light Emitting Diode

--- M ---
MAC - Media Access Control
MB � MotherBoard or Megabyte
MBps - Megabytes Per Second
Mbps - Megabits Per Second or Megabits Per Second
MHz - MegaHertz
MIPS - Million Instructions Per Second
MMX - Multi-Media Extensions
MSI - Micro Star International

--- N ---
NAS - Network Attached Storage
NAT - Network Address Translation
NEC - NEC Corporation
NIC - Network Interface Card

--- O ---
OC - Overclock (Over Clock)
OCZ - OCZ Technology
OEM - Original Equipment Manufacturer

--- P ---
PC - Personal Computer
PCB - Printed Circuit Board
PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect
PDA - Personal Digital Assistant
PCMCIA - Peripheral Component Microchannel Interconnect Architecture
PGA - Professional Graphics Array
PLD - Programmable Logic Device
PM - Private Message / Private Messaging
PnP - Plug 'n Play
PNY - PNY Technology
POST - Power On Self Test
PPPoA - Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM
PPPoE - Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet
PQI - PQI Corporation
PSU - Power Supply Unit

--- R ---
RAID - Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
RAM - Random Access Memory
RAMDAC - Random Access Memory Digital Analog Convertor
RDRAM - Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory
ROM - Read Only Memory
RPM - Revolutions Per Minute

--- S ---
SASID - Self-scanned Amorphous Silicon Integrated Display
SCA - SCSI Configured Automatically
SCSI - Small Computer System Interface
SDRAM - Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
SECC - Single Edge Contact Connector
SODIMM - Small Outline Dual Inline Memory Module
SPARC - Scalable Processor ArChitecture
SOHO - Small Office Home Office
SRAM - Static Random Access Memory
SSE - Streaming SIMD Extensions
SVGA - Super Video Graphics Array
S/PDIF - Sony/Philips Digital Interface

--- T ---
TB - Terabytes
TBps - Terabytes per second
Tbps - Terabits per second
TDK - TDK Electronics
TEC - Thermoelectric Cooler
TPC - TipidPC
TWAIN - Technology Without An Important Name

--- U ---
UART - Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
USB - Universal Serial Bus
UTP - Unshieled Twisted Pair

--- V ---
VCD - Video CD
VPN - Virtual Private Network

--- W ---
WAN - Wide Area Network
WTB - Want to Buy
WYSIWYG - What You See Is What You Get

--- X ---
XGA - Extended Graphics Array
XFX - XFX Graphics, a Division of Pine
XMS - Extended Memory Specification
XT - Extended Technology

BEST KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS

2009-12-07T18:57:00.000-08:00

Windows key + R = Run menu

This is usually followed by:
cmd = Command Prompt
iexplore + "web address" = Internet Explorer
compmgmt.msc = Computer Management
dhcpmgmt.msc = DHCP Management
dnsmgmt.msc = DNS Management
services.msc = Services
eventvwr = Event Viewer
dsa.msc = Active Directory Users and Computers
dssite.msc = Active Directory Sites and Services
Windows key + E = Explorer

ALT + Tab = Switch between windows

ALT, Space, X = Maximize window

CTRL + Shift + Esc = Task Manager

Windows key + Break = System properties

Windows key + F = Search

Windows key + D = Hide/Display all windows

CTRL + C = copy

CTRL + X = cut

CTRL + V = paste

Also don't forget about the "Right-click" key next to the right Windows key on your keyboard. Using the arrows and that key can get just about anything done once you've opened up any program.

Keyboard Shortcuts

[Alt] and [Esc] Switch between running applications

[Alt] and letter Select menu item by underlined letter

[Ctrl] and [Esc] Open Program Menu

[Ctrl] and [F4] Close active document or group windows (does not work with some applications)

[Alt] and [F4] Quit active application or close current window

[Alt] and [-] Open Control menu for active document

Ctrl] Lft., Rt. arrow Move cursor forward or back one word

Ctrl] Up, Down arrow Move cursor forward or back one paragraph

[F1] Open Help for active application

Windows+M Minimize all open windows

Shift+Windows+M Undo minimize all open windows

Windows+F1 Open Windows Help

Windows+Tab Cycle through the Taskbar buttons

Windows+Break Open the System Properties dialog box

acessability shortcuts

Right SHIFT for eight seconds........ Switch FilterKeys on and off.

Left ALT +left SHIFT +PRINT SCREEN....... Switch High Contrast on and off.

Left ALT +left SHIFT +NUM LOCK....... Switch MouseKeys on and off.

SHIFT....... five times Switch StickyKeys on and off.

NUM LOCK...... for five seconds Switch ToggleKeys on and off.

explorer shortcuts

END....... Display the bottom of the active window.

HOME....... Display the top of the active window.

NUM LOCK+ASTERISK....... on numeric keypad (*) Display all subfolders under the selected folder.

NUM LOCK+PLUS SIGN....... on numeric keypad (+) Display the contents of the selected folder.

NUM LOCK+MINUS SIGN....... on numeric keypad (-) Collapse the selected folder.

LEFT ARROW...... Collapse current selection if it's expanded, or select parent folder.

RIGHT ARROW....... Display current selection if it's collapsed, or select first subfolder.

Type the following commands in your Run Box (Windows Key + R) or Start Run

devmgmt.msc = Device Manager
msinfo32 = System Information
cleanmgr = Disk Cleanup
ntbackup = Backup or Restore Wizard (Windows Backup Utility)
mmc = Microsoft Management Console
excel = Microsoft Excel (If Installed)
msaccess = Microsoft Access (If Installed)
powerpnt = Microsoft PowerPoint (If Installed)
winword = Microsoft Word (If Installed)
frontpg = Microsoft FrontPage (If Installed)
notepad = Notepad
wordpad = WordPad
calc = Calculator
msmsgs = Windows Messenger
mspaint = Microsoft Paint
wmplayer = Windows Media Player
rstrui = System Restore
netscp6 = Netscape 6.x
netscp = Netscape 7.x
netscape = Netscape 4.x
waol = America Online
control = Opens the Control Panel
control printers = Opens the Printers Dialog

internetbrowser

type in u're adress "google", then press [Right CTRL] and [Enter]
add www. and .com to word and go to it

For Windows XP:

Copy. CTRL+C
Cut. CTRL+X
Paste. CTRL+V
Undo. CTRL+Z
Delete. DELETE
Delete selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin. SHIFT+DELETE
Copy selected item. CTRL while dragging an item
Create shortcut to selected item. CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item
Rename selected item. F2
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word. CTRL+RIGHT ARROW
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word. CTRL+LEFT ARROW
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph. CTRL+DOWN ARROW
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph. CTRL+UP ARROW
Highlight a block of text. CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys
Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text within a document. SHIFT with any of the arrow keys
Select all. CTRL+A
Search for a file or folder. F3
View properties for the selected item. ALT+ENTER
Close the active item, or quit the active program. ALT+F4
Opens the shortcut menu for the active window. ALT+SPACEBAR
Close the active document in programs that allow you to have multiple documents open simultaneously. CTRL+F4
Switch between open items. ALT+TAB
Cycle through items in the order they were opened. ALT+ESC
Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop. F6
Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer. F4
Display the shortcut menu for the selected item. SHIFT+F10
Display the System menu for the active window. ALT+SPACEBAR
Display the Start menu. CTRL+ESC
Display the corresponding menu. ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name
Carry out the corresponding command. Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu
Activate the menu bar in the active program. F10
Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu. RIGHT ARROW
Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu. LEFT ARROW
Refresh the active window. F5
View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer. BACKSPACE
Cancel the current task. ESC
SHIFT when you insert a CD into the CD-ROM drive Prevent the CD from automatically playing.

Use these keyboard shortcuts for dialog boxes:

To Press
Move forward through tabs. CTRL+TAB
Move backward through tabs. CTRL+SHIFT+TAB
Move forward through options. TAB
Move backward through options. SHIFT+TAB
Carry out the corresponding command or select the corresponding option. ALT+Underlined letter
Carry out the command for the active option or button. ENTER
Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box. SPACEBAR
Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons. Arrow keys
Display Help. F1
Display the items in the active list. F4
Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box. BACKSPACE

If you have a Microsoft Natural Keyboard, or any other compatible keyboard that includes the Windows logo key and the Application key , you can use these keyboard shortcuts:

Display or hide the Start menu. WIN Key
Display the System Properties dialog box. WIN Key+BREAK
Show the desktop. WIN Key+D
Minimize all windows. WIN Key+M
Restores minimized windows. WIN Key+Shift+M
Open My Computer. WIN Key+E
Search for a file or folder. WIN Key+F
Search for computers. CTRL+WIN Key+F
Display Windows Help. WIN Key+F1
Lock your computer if you are connected to a network domain, or switch users if you are not connected to a network domain. WIN Key+ L
Open the Run dialog box. WIN Key+R
Open Utility Manager. WIN Key+U

accessibility keyboard shortcuts:

Switch FilterKeys on and off. Right SHIFT for eight seconds
Switch High Contrast on and off. Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN
Switch MouseKeys on and off. Left ALT +left SHIFT +NUM LOCK
Switch StickyKeys on and off. SHIFT five times
Switch ToggleKeys on and off. NUM LOCK for five seconds
Open Utility Manager. WIN Key+U

shortcuts you can use with Windows Explorer:

Display the bottom of the active window. END
Display the top of the active window. HOME
Display all subfolders under the selected folder. NUM LOCK+ASTERISK on numeric keypad (*)
Display the contents of the selected folder. NUM LOCK+PLUS SIGN on numeric keypad (+)
Collapse the selected folder. NUM LOCK+MINUS SIGN on numeric keypad (-)
Collapse current selection if it's expanded, or select parent folder. LEFT ARROW
Display current selection if it's collapsed, or select first subfolder. RIGHT ARROW

BIOS UPDATE PROCEDURE

2009-12-07T18:56:00.000-08:00

All latest Motherboards today, 486/ Pentium / Pentium Pro etc.,ensure that upgrades are easily obtained by incorporating the system BIOS in a FLASH Memory component. With FLASH BIOS, there is no need to replace an EPROM component. Once downloaded, the upgrade utility fits on a floppy disc allowing the user to save, verify and update the system BIOS. A hard drive or a network drive can also be used to run the newer upgrade utilities. However, memory managers can not be installed while upgrading.

Most pre-Pentium motherboards do not have a Flash BIOS. The following instructions therefore do not apply to these boards. If your motherboard does not have a Flash BIOS (EEPROM) you will need to use an EPROM programmer to re-program the BIOS chip. See your dealer for more information about this.

Please read the following instructions in full before starting a Flash BIOS upgrade:
A. Create a Bootable Floppy (in DOS)

•With a non-formatted disk, type the following:

format a:/s

•If using a formatted disk, type:

sys a:

This procedure will ensure a clean boot when you are flashing the new BIOS.

B. Download the BIOS file

•Download the correct BIOS file by clicking on the file name of the BIOS file you wish to download.

•Save the BIOS file and the Flash Utility file in the boot disk you have created. Unzip the BIOS file and the flash utility file. If you don't have an "unzip" utility, download the WinZip for Windows 95 shareware/ evaluation copy for that one time use from _www.winzip.com or _www.pkware.com. Most CD ROMs found in computer magazines, have a shareware version of WinZip on them.

•You should have extracted two files:

Flash BIOS utility eg: flash7265.exe (for example)

BIOS eg: 6152J900.bin (example)

Use the latest flash utility available unless otherwise specified (either on the BIOS update page or in the archive file). This information is usually provided.

C. Upgrade the System BIOS

During boot up, write down the old BIOS version because you will need to use it for the BIOS backup file name.

Place the bootable floppy disk containing the BIOS file and the Flash Utility in drive a, and reboot the system in MS-DOS, preferably Version 6.22

•At the A:> prompt, type the corresponding Flash BIOS utility and the BIOS file with its extension.

For example:

flash625 615j900.bin

•From the Flash Memory Writer menu, select "Y" to "Do you want to save BIOS?" if you want to save (back up) your current BIOS (strongly recommended), then type the name of your current BIOS and its extension after FILE NAME TO SAVE: eg: a:\613J900.bin

Alternatively select "N" if you don't want to save your current BIOS. Beware, though, that you won't be able to recover from a possible failure.

•Select "Y" to "Are you sure to program?"

•Wait until it displays "Message: Power Off or Reset the system"

Once the BIOS has been successfully loaded, remove the floppy disk and reboot the system. If you write to BIOS but cannot complete the procedure, do not switch off, because the computer will not be able to boo, and you will not be given another chance to flash. In this case leave your system on until you resolve the problem (flashing BIOS with old file is a possible solution, provided you've made a backup before)

Make sure the new BIOS version has been loaded properly by taking note of the BIOS identifier as the system is rebooting.

For AMI BIOS
Once the BIOS has been successfully loaded, remove the floppy disk and reboot the system holding the "END" key prior to power on until you enter CMOS setup. If you do not do this the first time booting up after upgrading the BIOS, the system will hang.

BIOS Update Tips
note:
1.Make sure never to turn off or reset your computer during the flash process. This will corrupt the BIOS data. We also recommend that you make a copy of your current BIOS on the bootable floppy so you can reflash it if you need to. (This option is not available when flashing an AMI BIOS).

2. If you have problems installing your new BIOS please check the following:

Have you done a clean boot?
In other words, did you follow the above procedure for making a bootable floppy? This ensures that when booting from "A" there are no device drivers on the diskette. Failing to do a clean boot is the most common cause for getting a "Memory Insufficient" error message when attempting to flash a BIOS.

If you have not used a bootable floppy, insure a clean boot either by

a) pressing F5 during bootup

b) by removing all device drivers on the CONFIG.SYS including the HIMEM.SYS. Do this by using the EDIT command.

Have you booted up under DOS?
Booting in Windows is another common cause for getting a "Memory Insufficient" error message when attempting to flash a BIOS. Make sure to boot up to DOS with a minimum set of drivers. Important: Booting in DOS does not mean selecting "Restart computer in MS-DOS Mode" from Windows98/95 shutdown menu or going to Prompt mode in WindowsNT, but rather following the above procedure (format a: /s and rebooting from a:\).

Have you entered the full file name of the flash utility and the BIOS plus its extension?
Do not forget that often you will need to add a drive letter (a:\) before flashing the BIOS. Example: when asked for file name of new BIOS file which is on your floppy disk, in case you're working from c:\ your will need to type a:\615j900.bin, rather than 615j900.bin only.

what to With Your Old Computer?

2009-12-07T18:53:00.000-08:00

1. Create a Server
If you’re into web development or gaming you could turn your old computer into a server. The easiest way to do this would be to install a server OS and possibly buy a few new parts to make it run a little quicker. After this connect it to the internet and away you go. Here are a few tips on setting up your own server.

2. Play Multiplayer Games
Get a family member or friend playing along with you on your favourite multiplayer games. Make sure that your old computer can handle whatever games you’re wanting to play before getting the other person. Most web-based games should work fine on your old system.

3. Install a Different Operating System
Here’s your chance to get to know a different OS. If you’re a Windows person you could install a version of Linux on your old machine. Linux supports a wide range of older hardware. Debian Linux is well suited to slower machines, and it is also friendly and well documented enough for beginners. If you’re a Mac person you could try out Windows XP, or maybe even Windows 98 (old school).

4. Donate Your Old Computer
If you really have no use for your old machine, call your local school or school district and see if they want it. Many districts have minimum donation standards, so be sure to ask. Some PC makers have their own donation programs. Gateway buyers can request a donation form, which, when validated by a recycling center or charity group, entitles them to discounts on future purchases. This will get the computer out of your hands and will help someone out (maybe even giving you a little cash).

5. Turn it into an Aquarium
Lately people have been turning their old CRT monitors into really cool aquariums. Basically you take a perfectly fine but old Cathode Ray Tube monitor, strip it of all of its parts (except for the glass at the front), make it so it doesn’t leak and fill it with a plethora of colourful fish. The upside of this is that you get a really cool aquarium in your house, the problem is with the construction. Unless you build a box and place it inside the monitor, making it leak proof can be a very hard job.

6. Create a media center
Turn your old computer into a media center. Large hard drives are becoming cheaper and cheaper. If you want to upgrade to a new computer but don’t want to leave your old computer in the dust you could just slap in a few large hard drives and turn it into a repository for all of your media. Using Windows XP Media Center you can hook up your TV to your old computer and watch all of the movies you’ve “bought legally” and all of the music files that you’ve downloaded bought.

7. Create a Render Farm
If you’re into editing videos or graphics this will mean more than to your everyday user. A render farm is basically a cluster of computers that are used for the purposes of rendering graphics and/or video. If you had 5 old computers you could network them together and render your videos roughly 5x faster than before. While the cost of electricity, the excess heat caused from having this many computers, and the extra room needed might make you wary of having this many computers, the benefits can be greatly than the costs. Frantic Films provides a great suite of software for your render farm.

8. Take it apart
If you really want to know how a computer works you could take it apart. I’ve taken apart five or six old computers and it really helps you understand how a computer works. Did you ever wonder how a CPU is connected to a motherboard? Are you not sure how to remove a hard drive? Do you want to practice inserting and removing RAM modules? An older computer is an excellent practice PC for maintenance and upgrades.

9. Make an office mascot
This one might seem silly/stupid to some people but I’m being totally serious. During those long days of compiling your code why not make an office mascot out of your old computer. You could dress it up, attach things to it, maybe even attach it to an RC car and have it zoom around. Get creative and I’m sure you’ll have your co-workers laughing at you in no time (maybe they’ll help create it).

10. Drop it from a high building
This is my personal favourite but shouldn’t be done without adult supervision. Now of course if you are an adult go right ahead! Dropping your old computer from a high building can have extremely satisfying results. While this might not be the most environmentally friendly alternative it can provide extremely exciting results as it slams into the earth and smashes into a million pieces. To prep the crash area make sure there is no one standing there. Then drop away and watch it fall to its inevitable grave.

After AMD: Intel's Next Big Battle

2009-12-03T08:47:00.000-08:00

Intel (INTC) couldn't afford to let it drag on. The world's largest chipmaker announced on Nov. 12 that it would pay $1.25 billion to resolve allegations by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) that its larger rival competes unfairly in the market for computer chips.

On one hand, the agreement lets Intel and AMD move past the conflict that's put the companies at legal loggerheads for years, and it may help Intel resolve ongoing antitrust tussles with U.S. regulators. But a more important benefit of the agreement is that it lets Intel turn attention to what may become an even greater headache in the coming years: the challenge posed by ARM Holdings (ARM.L), maker of the technology used in chips running in a widening array of mobile devices, including the Apple (AAPL) iPhone. Intel "now gets to focus on its real long-term threat," says Jack Gold, founder of Gold Associates, a research firm. "No, it's not AMD—it's ARM Holdings."

A host of chipmakers, including Qualcomm (QCOM), Texas Instruments (TXN), Freescale (FSL), and Nvidia (NVDA), license ARM technology to create chips for handhelds, phones, and other mobile devices. ARM-based chips are valued because they consume less power than the x86-based chips, which are made by Intel and AMD and power most of the world's computers and servers, the machines that run corporate networks.

PC and server chips make up the majority of industry profits today. Still, demand for server chips may diminish as businesses replace large numbers of aging servers in data centers with a single server powered by fewer, more powerful chips. Meantime, demand is surging for mobile devices, many of which don't require the computing power of relatively pricey x86 chips. Getting past the distraction of the AMD lawsuits helps Intel place greater emphasis on sales in markets now being inundated with ARM technology, says TBR analyst John Spooner. "For some time, Intel has been preparing to reduce its reliance on the PC and server processor market, which now supplies more than 90% of its quarterly revenue," Spooner says. "The chipmaker has been realigning itself to expand its revenue base into graphics, handsets, and consumer electronics."
Countering Claims of Monopolist Practices

The benefits of Intel's agreement don't end there. Through the settlement with AMD, Intel silences the loudest voice accusing it of abusive behavior while at the same time keeping alive one of its most formidable competitors. The settlement in effect subsidizes AMD's plan to reduce debt, spin off cash-intensive manufacturing operations, and boost its research and development on new chips. Over time, that means a stronger AMD and helps Intel counter claims it wields too much power in the industry, says Richard Doherty, a director at market researcher Envisioneering Group. "They can argue it helps the whole league if you have two teams playing well," Doherty says.

Historically the companies thrive under pressure from each other, with engineers at one racing to top the archrival's designs. Even now, Intel and AMD are duking it out for the lead in combining computing and graphic-intensive functions onto a single chip. Neither expects to begin selling such a product until late 2010 at the earliest.

Intel and Advanced Micro Devices are burying the antitrust hatchet.

2009-12-03T08:44:00.000-08:00

As part of the deal announced on Nov. 12, Intel (INTC) will pay $1.25 billion, and AMD (AMD) will drop all pending antitrust litigation. The two companies also forged a five-year cross-licensing agreement that gives the companies access to each other's key chip technology. "Today marks the beginning of a new era," AMD Chief Executive Dirk Meyer said in remarks prepared for a conference call discussing the agreement. "It represents the culmination many years of litigation and regulatory engagement."

AMD is dropping all pending litigation, including a case filed in 2005 in U.S. District Court in Delaware and two cases pending in Japan, Intel said in a statement. AMD will also withdraw all of its regulatory complaints worldwide. "This has never been about money. It's about the marketplace," says AMD chief legal counsel Tom McCoy. "It's a pivot from war to peace."
FTC Probe

Antitrust pressure on Intel intensified earlier this month after New York Attorney General Andrew Cuomo accused the chipmaker of using billions of dollars in payments to dissuade computer makers including Dell (DELL) and Hewlett-Packard (HPQ) from using AMD chips. The payments, made over several years, were part of a "systematic campaign of illegal conduct" intended to harm AMD, Cuomo alleged. The Federal Trade Commission, which has been investigating Intel for more than year, was also on weeks away from filing a lawsuit against Intel, people familiar with the matter have said.

AMD's settlement doesn't fully defuse the FTC's investigation, says antitrust lawyer David Balto, a former FTC attorney. "FTC action is necessary to assure long-term relief in this market, that competition is fully restored and that consumers have the benefit of an open market," Balto says. What's more, AMD said it will continue to object to Intel's controversial payments to PC makers. Still, McCoy notes that Intel has agreed not to make barring purchases of AMD chips a condition of rebates.

A key part of the landmark settlement is the cross-licensing agreement that is likely to make it easier for PC makers to build machines based on both companies' processors. The patent battle had stemmed from AMD's spin-off last year of its manufacturing operations into a subsidiary called GlobalFoundries, which it jointly owns with an investment firm backed by the government of Abu Dhabi.

After the agreement was announced, shares of AMD surged 26%, to 6.68. Intel shares advanced 1.5%, to 20.13.

Earlier this year, the European Commission fined Intel €1.06 billion related to allegations that the company abused its monopoly position in the European market for computer chips. "Intel has an ongoing obligation to comply with the Commission's May 2009 decision, " a European Union spokesman said in a statement.

Intel vs AMD

2009-12-03T08:43:00.001-08:00

Word on the street is the rival Advanced Micro Devices has been eating their lunch in the small, but very lucrative four-way server business (that’s four or more processors in one system). AMD also is doing brisk business in the entry-level server market.
Never a company to take any lost sales standing still, Intel announced today it “is accelerating the availability” of its dual-core Xeon and Xeon MP processors, introducing new chips at some unspecified time this year instead of next. They’ll be targets at “early adopters and evaluators of dual-core technology.”
In an oddly worded release, the chipmaker then adds that these new processors really are a prelude to two other chips that will be introduced in early 2006.
What gives? Behind the curtains, one might expect to find that Dell has been pressuring Intel to come up with something to help them compete with hot-sellig systems from HP, Sun and others, who have heartily been jumping on the AMD bandwagon.
And AMD execs likely are smirking at the idea that dual-core technology still needs a lot of testing, since their own products have been flying off the shelves. They say they have an inherent advantage over Intel because their architecture is vastly more energy -efficient, on top of being powerful in their own right.
While Intel is still making a bundle off its Xeon chips, it seems clear they’re feeling the heat for the first time in a long time from AMD. And if researchers from IDC or Gartner in coming weeks confirm that AMD continues to gain share in that space, it’ll be a black eye that will make Intel very unhappy indeed.

Firefox 3.6 Beta 1 Now Available for Download Hear

2009-11-24T21:02:00.000-08:00

Firefox 3.6 Beta 1, now available for download, features support for personas, full screen video, and improved performance.

This beta version of the next version of Firefox is built on the Gecko 1.9.2 web rendering engine, containing many improvements for web developers, Add-on developers, and users.

New Features:
* Users can now change their browser’s appearance with a single click, with built in support for Personas.
* Firefox 3.6 will alert users about out of date plugins to keep them safe.
* Open, native video can now be displayed full screen, and supports poster frames.
* Support for the WOFF font format.
* Improved JavaScript performance, overall browser responsiveness and startup time.
* Support for new CSS, DOM and HTML5 web technologies.

Testers can download Firefox 3.6 Beta 1 builds for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux in 53 different languages.

Lock and Track your Stolen Mobile Hand Set Through IMEI Number

2009-11-24T20:58:00.000-08:00

Do you know your mobile’s IMEI number? Just press * # 0 6 # in your mobile hand set, IMEI number will be displayed in your mobile hand set.

Keep the IMEI number safely at other place. This IMEI number is unique number for each mobile hand set. In case your mobile hand set will get stolen, you can track or unlock your mobile hand set through IMEI number.

First track your mobile through IMIE number here www.trackimei.com and report theft or loss.

If your mobile hand set got stolen, you need to do following things.

1. Submit FIR for your mobile loss, give details of hand set model, color, IMEI number etc.
2. Ask your service provider to track the mobile phone, your mobile phone will be tracked only if the thief are using your mobile hand set with any sim card. If the thief is keeping your mobile switched off, your service provider can not track the mobile hand set location. You should not expect muck cooperation from service provider or police to locate your phone.
3. If you are unable to find your mobile number, insure that at least your mobile handset is locked. The thief can not use (misuse) your mobile with any sim card. You should ask mobile service provider to lock your mobile through IMEI number.

Getting hidden themes in WINDOWS 7

2009-11-24T20:47:00.000-08:00

hidden themes for windows7:

goto c:/windows/globalization.

Now goto folder options and select 'show hidden files and folders'

and

uncheck 'hide protected operating system files',

now u'l c a hidden folder named MCT in the above directory and thus u'll find missing themes in ur windows 7 enjoy!!!!!!!!!

Just Double Click On It & Install....

Nokia N900 New Space

2009-11-24T20:43:00.000-08:00

Maemo 5 (Fremantle/2009) is Debian (Linux) based OS with Hildon (touch optimized) UI (GNOME Framework/Ubuntu Mobile). As such Linux is well known from plenty of software being free and open sourced, so access to existing projects to port is virtually unlimited. With 800x480 resolution it doesnt even need re-optimization for mobile device, only porting to maemo is needed.

Though it should be worth mentioning that Maemo is still not up-to-the-mark but is sure growing pretty fast.

Some of the -ves of the N900 are as below:
- It doesn't have an onboard FM-radio (3rd party??) even though it offers an FM-transmitter
- lacks support for MMS :-o
- The display needs a protective screen as resistive screen is prone to scratches
- surprisingly it does not have a digital campass...???
- no software for office documents

The N900 positives:
+ quad band GSM/3.5G (10/2 Mbps)/WiFi (54Mbps)/VoIP/IM
+ 3.5"/800x480/TFT 16M screen
+ great sunlight legibility
+ full-blown support for multiple home screens
+ task manager supports live multitasking (vista-like)
+ kinetic scrolling all around, gesture support
+ Maemo5 offers a very feature-rich phonebook
+ phonebook integrates live online services - skype/gTalk/Ovi
+ DivX/XviD support right out of the box
+ charges over USB
+ browser supports Flash/AJAX/JS
+ Maemo supports various languages packages right out of the box
+ user can pick two input languages and switch between them while typing
+ user can make use of two predictive input dictionaries respectively
+ SMS messages are arranged in the form of a chat (gmail-like threads)
+ fully functional email client (HTML/Rich Text) on the go
+ PDF Reader/ RSS Reader on the go

The N900 hardware:
+ TI OMAP3430 Core (ARM Cortex-A8 CPU@600MHz, PowerVR SGX530 GPU@430MHz, TMS320C64x DSP/ISP)
+ 256MB RAM, 768MB NAND VM
+ 256MB (root) + 2GB (/home/opt) storage for apps
+ 32GB (default storage) + 16GB (eMMc)
+ sports DAC33 audio chipset
+ 5MP f/2.8 (Autofocus/Carl Zeiss) Cam, WVGA (848x480, 16:9 @25fps) video
+ Java acceleration and OpenGL ES2.0 Support
+ pixel shader/vertex shader hardware
+ A-GPS (using TI/OMAP Navilink)
+ bluetooth 2.1 (+EDR/A2DP/AVRCP/FTP)
+ has an IR port... hmm... remote control?? eh?

6.gMote 1.32 attractive mouse gesture utility

2009-11-24T20:37:00.002-08:00

6.gMote 1.32 attractive mouse gesture utility

gMote allows you to record gestures (mouse motions) and assign them to frequently performed tasks. Use gestures to bring up programs, Web sites, control your browser, media player, and clipboard. You can even assign your own key combinations to a gesture - make text bold by drawing a 'B', lock your computer with an 'L' - it's fully customisable and free. Version 1.32 is a bug-fixing release.

Download link:

http://download.softpedia.com/dl/d3f...gmote-full.zip

INFRA RECORDER CD BURNER used as a substitute for NERO

2009-11-24T20:37:00.001-08:00

This is used in place of nero which is costly and comes with programs u may not use. This is a freeware which is equal to nero in cd/dvd writing options.
Features

Create custom data, audio and mixed-mode projects and record them to physical discs as well as disc images.
Supports recording to dual-layer DVDs.
Blank (erase) rewritable discs using four different methods.
Record disc images (ISO and BIN/CUE).
Fixate discs (write lead-out information to prevent further data from being added to the disc).
Scan the SCSI/IDE bus for devices and collect information about their capabilities.
Create disc copies, on the fly and using a temporary disc image.
Import session data from multi-session discs and add more sessions to them.
Display disc information.
Save audio and data tracks to files (.wav, .wma, .ogg, .mp3 and .iso).

Download link:

http://jaist.dl.sourceforge.net/sour...der/ir0461.zip

Vista Transformation Pack 9.0.1

2009-11-24T20:36:00.000-08:00

Vista Transformation Pack is a software utility that transforms Windows XP's appearance to resemble that of VISTA.

VTP will transform your entire user interface, including a Vista-themed Boot Screen, Welcome Screen, and Visual Style, as well as new icons, wallpapers, and more.

The link:

http://www.jcxp.net/vtp/

New Motherboard with USB 3.0

2009-11-24T09:39:00.000-08:00

ASUS P6X58 Premium motherboard arrives complete with USB 3.0 ports

We've seen cables, controllers, drivers and years of promises, and it looks like we now finally have some pictures of the first official USB 3.0 motherboard out in the wild. That milestone comes courtesy of ASUS, which looks to have gone all out (or as far out as motherboards can go) with its new P6X58 Premium model. As you can see above, it packs a pair of easily identifiable USB 3.0 ports and three standard USB 2.0 ports, along with accommodations for a Core i7 processor, six DDR3 memory slots, three PCI-Express 2.0 slots, and plenty of other standard fare. Still no word on a price or release date, unfortunately, and the folks at Xfastest unsurprisingly weren't able to provide any benchmarks or the like, considering that there isn't much in the way of actual USB 3.0 gear to test it with just yet.

The long-awaited arrival of USB 3.0, which offers speeds as much as ten times faster than 2.0, is almost over as ASUS has revealed the first motherboard to feature the faster standard.

The P6X58 Premium board features both 3.0 and 2.0 ports, allowing for greater functionality with USB devices both old and new. ASUS has also made it super easy to tell the new ports from the old, with the USB 3.0 connectors sporting blue connectors.

WIDCOMM BLUETOOTH SOFTWARE 4.0.1.700

2009-11-12T08:34:00.001-08:00

Exclamation Arrow Broadcom Corporation announced the Widcomm BTW 4.0, a new release of its Bluetooth software, with enhanced security and adding advanced audio/video (A/V) capabilities to the industry's most widely adopted Bluetooth software. The new software was tested and qualified for native support and seamless operation with Microsoft's recently announced Service Pack 2 upgrade for the Windows XP operating system (Windows XP SP2).

Wireless, high quality stereo audio headsets and speakers enabled by the new WIDCOMM BTW (Bluetooth for Windows) 4.0 software is a new application expected to drive widespread Bluetooth adoption for consumers over the coming years. A/V enhancements built into BTW 4.0 software will bring a new level of audio quality to wireless headsets, enabling a generation of products capable of delivering CD-like stereo sound without the need for wires. The same A/V Bluetooth profile support can be expected to appear in upcoming consumer electronics products like MP3 players, cellular phones, PDAs, and other appliances.

The company sees wireless headsets or speakers enabled with this technology streaming high quality sound while also performing remote control functions such as pausing or stopping play, and selecting tracks. In addition, consumers can utilise wireless speakers, enabling enhanced sound and audio distribution for DVD and CD playback.

Broadcom's WIDCOMM BTW 4.0 incorporates the latest software "profiles," which ensure a common set of features between two Bluetooth devices. Bluetooth profiles are developed and standardized through the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). BTW 4.0 features many of the latest profiles, which provide advanced multimedia capabilities including:

GAVDP -- Generic Audio Video Distribution Profile

A2DP -- Advanced Audio Distribution Profile

AVRCP -- Audio Video Remote Control Profile

BTW 4.0 also supports the Basic Imaging Profile, which provides the ability to "push" and "pull" images wirelessly between a mobile phone or digital camera and a PC.

"BTW 4.0 answers two distinct needs in the Bluetooth space: enhanced security, and the ability to effectively stream high-quality audio to wireless headphones or speakers. It is changing the dynamics of how consumers will experience multimedia content on their PCs," said Ron Wong, Senior Product Line Manager for Broadcom's Bluetooth software products. "Broadcom's unique ability to design and deliver all the critical technology pieces for next-generation wireless electronic devices enables our partners to bring products to market quickly and with features that hold great appeal for consumer markets."

PC OEMs are already shipping Bluetooth in a large number of their commercial notebook PCs and are expecting continuous growth and accelerated adoption into 2005. With this rapid adoption, large enterprises have expressed growing concerns over security and software virus spreads. The new WIDCOMM BTW4.0 software incorporates enhanced security capability to help address these concerns

The software is currently shipping to Broadcom's early access partners...and is available free of charge to all members exclusively

Click Here to Download

Download 37 N-gage Games, mmc games not .sis or java

2009-11-12T08:28:00.001-08:00

http://ngames.uw.hu/ng/ashen.rar
http://home.comcast.net/~kevkev/N-GAGE/Asphalt_Urban_GT_NGAGE-ENGAGE.rar
http://ngames.uw.hu/ng/bomberman.rar
http://www.wdacn.com/download/ngage_copy_Call_Of_Duty.rar
http://www.wdacn.com/download/ngage_copy_Colin_Mcrae_Rally_2005.rar
http://ngames.uw.hu/ng/crash.rar
http://ngames.uw.hu/ng/fifa2004.rar
http://home.comcast.net/~kevkev/N-GAGE/FIFA_2005_NGAGE-ENGAGE.rar
http://nok6600.at99.ru/soft/games/flo_snowboarding.zip
http://ngames.uw.hu/ng/marcel.rar
http://www.wdacn.com/download/ngage_blz_MLB_Slam!.rar
http://www.wdacn.com/download/ngage_blz_motoGP.rar
http://www.n-games.net/ncaa.zip
http://www.cupt.org/flashfly/ngage/Op_Shadow.rar
http://www.cupt.org/flashfly/ngage/panda.rar
http://www.cupt.org/flashfly/ngage/PTG.rar
http://www.cupt.org/flashfly/ngage/p_kingdom.rar
http://www.wdacn.com/download/ngage_blz_puyo_Pop.rar
http://www.wdacn.com/download/ngage_blz_Puzzle_Bobble_VS.rar
http://codedata.box.sk/mobile.box.sk/Rayman3.N-gage.zip
http://www.n-games.net/red.rar
http://www.geocities.com/ngagerom/segarally.zip
http://www.wdacn.com/download/ngage_copy_Requiem_Of_Hell.rar
http://www.wdacn.com/download/NGAGE_copy_SpiderMan2.rar
http://nok6600.at99.ru/soft/games/sonic.zip
http://www.wdacn.com/download/NGAGE_COPY_The_Elder_Scrolls.rar
http://www.wdacn.com/download/ngage_blz_Super_Monkey_Ball.rar
http://www.wdacn.com/download/ngage_copy_The_Sim.rar
http://www.wdacn.com/download/ngage_copy_tiger_woods_pga_tour_2004.rar
http://ngames.uw.hu/ng/ghostrecon.rar
http://nok6600.at99.ru/soft/games/tomb.zip
http://www.wdacn.com/download/ngage_blz_Tony_Hawks_Pro_Skater.rar
http://www.wdacn.com/download/NGAGE_blz_virtua_Tennis.rar
http://www.cupt.org/flashfly/ngage/AlienFront_beta.rar
http://www.cupt.org/flashfly/ngage/kof.rar
http://www.cupt.org/flashfly/ngage/x_men.rar
http://officialwebhost.com/%7Eofficial/.ping/Worms_World_Party_BETA_NGAGE-ENGAGE.rar

Unlock codes to the most samsung phones

2009-11-12T08:27:00.000-08:00

Codes:
SGH-600

*2767*3855#

*2767*2878#

S100 -- S300 -- V200

*2767*7822573738#

A300 - - A800

*2767*637#

X100

*2767*688#

E700 CODES

*2767*688# [Unlocking Code]
*#8999*8378# [All in one Code]
*#4777*8665# [GPSR Tool]
*#8999*523# [LCD Brightness]
*#8999*3825523# [External Display]
*#8999*377# [Errors]
#*5737425# [JAVA Something{I choose 2 and it chrashed}]
*#2255# [Call List]
*#7465625# [Sim Lock Test?]
*#8999*8376263# [Phone Info]
#*6420# [Mic Off]
#*6421# [Mic On]
#*6422# [Mic Data?]
#*6428# [Mic Meas
fta emu:

#*536961# [Java Status Code]
#*536962# [Java Status Code]
#*536963# [Java Status Code]
#*53696# [Java Status Code]
#*5663351# [Phone Model]
#*5663352# [Java Model]
#*566335# [WAP Model ID]

........................................................

Samsung A300

*2767*637#

Samsung A400

*2767*637#

Samsung A800

*2767*637#

Samsung E500

*2767*688#

Samsung E700

*2767*688#

Samsung P400

*2767*3855#

In newer phones
:

*2767*927#

Samsung S100

*2767*7822573738#

Samsung S300

*2767*7822573738#

In newer phones:

#*7337#

Samsung S500

*2767*3855#

In newer phones:

*2767*927#

Samsung SGH2100

*2767*3855#

*2767*2878#

Samsung V200

*2767*7822573738#

DVD TO MOBILE Format Convertion

2009-11-12T08:26:00.001-08:00

DVD TO MOBILE (Nokia Edition)

Now you can convert your DVDs to your Nokia, Siemens and other brand mobile phone and watch them in great quality, with excellent sound and in full screen landscape mode*. A memorycard as small as 128 Mb is sufficient to store a full length feature film, up to a hundred minutes. Take your DVDs on the plane, train or automobile, watch them on vacation, at work or at school. With only two clicks, this PC software converts the content of your DVD to a super small movie file, which will play on any Symbian Series 60 device, such as Nokia 6600/7610/6630/6260, Siemens SX-1, Sendo X, etc. on a postage stamp size memory card. You can use a headset or the built-in speaker to listen to the sound. Subtitled and foreign language DVDs are also supported. You wil have to see the quality to believe it, using supreme MPEG4 encoding, feature films look crisp and sharp on your cellular phone and still fit on a relatively small multimediacard.

Software runs on: Windows XP

The following phones are supported:

NOKIA 3620, 3650, 3660, 6260, 6600, 6620, 6630, 6670, 7610, N-Gage, QD
SIEMENS SX-1, PANASONIC X700, SAMSUNG D710, SENDO X

CODE
http://www.makayama.com/DVD2NOKIAdemo.zip

0×0000005A: CRITICAL_SERVICE_FAILED Solution!!!

2009-11-12T08:15:00.000-08:00

 A critical service failed to initialize while starting the LastKnownGood control set. If this is the first time you have booted after installing new hardware, remove the hardware and boot again. Check the Hardware Compatibility List to verify that the hardware and its drivers are compatible with your version of Windows. If Windows is loaded and no new hardware has been installed, reboot with recovery options set to create a dump file. If the message recurs, press F8 and select the Last Known Good option when you reboot. If there is no Last Known Good configuration, try using the Emergency Repair Disk.


Most annoying problem. Ever. You're just working happily along when all of a sudden BAM, the Blue Screen of Death pops up and "IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL" very prominently appears. Generally with a cutesy little hex error towards the bottom of the screen.  STOP: 0x0000000a, or something like it. 
Sadly enough, every time I've run into it it's been a hardware error. Most commonly it is the CPU overheating. A close second would be bad RAM. The first thing I would do if you have this issue is to run the machine till it gives you that error, then immediately reboot it, go into the BIOS and check the CPU temperature. 3/5 times it will be way too hot. Go to the store, buy a fancy new heatsink with a ball bearing fan (don't need it binding like a bushing fan will eventually do), pick up some thermal grease while you're at it, and install. Your problem will likely go away.
If not, get some memory that you know is good, and test that out in the system for a while. Be sure to pull out all memory that is currently in the system, or this test will do nothing. If it stabilizes after that, then replace the memory permanently, shoot the old like a clay pigeon and have a nice day.
Sometimes though, especially with the IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL error, even that is not enough. This is where you get hardcore with the troubleshooting. In the BIOS, load Fail-Safe defaults, disable the onboard modem, sound, and LAN (where applicable). Take out all the cards, with the exception of video, and run the machine for a while. If the machine stays stable, then start adding/re-enabling the devices one by one. Keep in mind that modern motherboards share IRQ's across PCI slots, so try not to put a sound card and a modem right next to each other. They don't seem to think that's funny every once and a while. Anyway, do this one by one until you start crashing again. Whatever you put in last is the culprit.
Also, many newer motherboards' northbridges are actively cooled. Almost always by a bushing fan. Bushing fans tend to bind after a while. Since this chip controls the data stream between the RAM, video, and CPU, I'd say it's pretty important. If it's overheating bad things are bound to happen.

hide ur Hard Disk Drives

2009-11-12T08:10:00.000-08:00

You just have to type the following commands in Command Prompt.
- Type cmd and press Enter (This brings up the Windows Command Prompt)
- Type diskpart in the command prompt and press Enter (This launches the Diskpart utility within the Command Prompt window)
- Now type list volume (This displays a list of all mounted volumes on your computer and their associated drive letters)
If, for example, you would like to hide drive E, type select volume 6. Here volume 6 is the letter assigned to E Drive.
- Now type remove letter E (Note: This sometime requires a reboot)
Diskpart will now remove the drive letter. The drive will no longer be available via Windows Explorer or My Computer.
Don’t worry though, your data remains safe!
Now, should you want to unhide the drive and make it accessible again, just repeat the above process. But instead of typing remove letter E, type assign letter E

RUN TRICKS FOR WINDOWS XP

2009-11-12T07:10:00.000-08:00

Start -> RUN

Type Following String in RUN box & get Extra Outpu from your XP operating system...Enjoy It !!

1) Character Map = charmap.exe (very useful for finding unusual characters)

2) Disk Cleanup = cleanmgr.exe

3) Clipboard Viewer = clipbrd.exe (views contents of Windows clipboard)

4) Dr Watson = drwtsn32.exe (Troubleshooting tool)

5) DirectX diagnosis = dxdiag.exe (Diagnose & test DirectX, video & sound cards)

6) Private character editor = eudcedit.exe (allows creation or modification of characters)

7) IExpress Wizard = iexpress.exe (Create self-extracting / self-installing package)

8) Microsoft Synchronization Manager = mobsync.exe (appears to allow synchronization of files on the network for when working offline. Apparently undocumented).

9) Windows Media Player 5.1 = mplay32.exe (Retro version of Media Player, very basic).

10) ODBC Data Source Administrator = odbcad32.exe (something to do with databases)

11) Object Packager = packager.exe (to do with packaging objects for insertion in files, appears to have comprehensive help files).

12) System Monitor = perfmon.exe (very useful, highly configurable tool, tells you everything you ever wanted to know about any aspect of PC performance, for uber-geeks only )

13) Program Manager = progman.exe (Legacy Windows 3.x desktop shell).

14) Remote Access phone book = rasphone.exe (documentation is virtually non-existant).

15) Registry Editor = regedt32.exe [also regedit.exe] (for hacking the Windows Registry).

16) Network shared folder wizard = shrpubw.exe (creates shared folders on network).

17) File siganture verification tool = sigverif.exe

18) Volume Contro = sndvol32.exe (I've included this for those people that lose it from the System Notification area).

19) System Configuration Editor = sysedit.exe (modify System.ini & Win.ini just like in Win98! ).

20) Syskey = syskey.exe (Secures XP Account database - use with care, it's virtually undocumented but it appears to encrypt all passwords, I'm not sure of the full implications).

21) Microsoft Telnet Client = telnet.exe

22) Driver Verifier Manager = verifier.exe (seems to be a utility for monitoring the actions of drivers, might be useful for people having driver problems. Undocumented).

23) Windows for Workgroups Chat = winchat.exe (appears to be an old NT utility to allow chat sessions over a LAN, help files available).

24) System configuration = msconfig.exe (can use to control starup programs)

25) gpedit.msc used to manage group policies, and permissions[a very powerful tool if you know how to use it properly;-) ]

Some Important Hidden Facts About Windows XP

2009-11-12T07:08:00.000-08:00

1. It boasts how long it can stay up. Go to the Command Prompt in the Accessories menu from the All Programs start button option, and then type ’systeminfo’. The computer will produce a lot of useful info, including the uptime. If you want to keep these, type ’systeminfo > info.txt’. This creates a file called info.txt you can look at later with Notepad. (Professional Edition only). 2. You can delete files immediately, without having them move to the Recycle Bin first. Go to the Start menu, select Run… and type ‘gpedit.msc’; then select User Configuration, Administrative Templates, Windows Components, Windows Explorer and find the Do not move deleted files to the Recycle Bin setting. Set it. Poking around in gpedit will reveal a great many interface and system options, but take care — some may stop your computer behaving as you wish. (Professional Edition only).
3. You can lock your XP workstation with two clicks of the mouse. Create a new shortcut on your desktop using a right mouse click, and enter ‘rundll32.exe user32.dll,LockWorkStation’ in the location field. Give the shortcut a name you like. That’s it — just double click on it and your computer will be locked. And if that’s not easy enough, Windows key + L will do the same.
4. XP hides some system software you might want to remove, such as Windows Messenger, but you can make it show everything. Using Notepad or Edit, edit the text file /windows/inf/sysoc.inf, search for the word ‘hide’ and remove it. You can then go to the Add or Remove Programs in the Control Panel, select Add/Remove Windows Components and there will be the software and you can now uninstall it.
5. For those skilled in the art of DOS batch files, XP has a number of interesting new commands. These include ‘eventcreate’ and ‘eventtriggers’ for creating and watching system events, ‘typeperf’ for monitoring performance of various subsystems, and ’schtasks’ for handling scheduled tasks. As usual, typing the command name followed by /? will give a list of options.
6. XP has IP version 6 support — the next generation of IP. Unfortunately this is more than your ISP has, so you can only experiment with this on your LAN. Type ‘ipv6 install’ into Run… (it’s OK, it won’t ruin your existing network setup) and then ‘ipv6 /?’ at the command line to find out more. If you don’t know what IPv6 is, don’t worry.
7. You can at last get rid of tasks on the computer from the command line by using ‘taskkill /pid’ and the task number, or just ‘tskill’ and the process number. Find that out by typing ‘tasklist’, which will also tell you a lot about what’s going on in your system.
8. XP will treat Zip files like folders, which is nice if you’ve got a fast machine. On slower machines, you can make XP leave zip files alone by typing ‘regsvr32 /u zipfldr.dll’ at the command line. If you change your mind later, you can change things back by typing ‘regsvr32 zipfldr.dll’.
9. XP has ClearType — Microsoft’s anti-aliasing font display technology — but doesn’t have it enabled by default. It’s well worth trying, especially if you were there for DOS and all those years of staring at a screen have given you the eyes of an astigmatic bat. To enable ClearType, right click on the desktop, select Properties, Appearance, Effects, select ClearType from the second drop-down menu and enable the selection. Expect best results on laptop displays. If you want to use ClearType on the Welcome login screen as well, set the registry entry HKEY_USERS/.DEFAULT/Control Panel/Desktop/FontSmoothingType to 2.
10. You can use Remote Assistance to help a friend who’s using network address translation (NAT) on a home network, but not automatically. Get your pal to email you a Remote Assistance invitation and edit the file. Under the RCTICKET attribute will be a NAT IP address, like 192.168.1.10. Replace this with your friend’s real IP address — they can find this out by going to www.whatismyip.com — and get them to make sure that they’ve got port 3389 open on their firewall and forwarded to the errant computer.
11. You can run a program as a different user without logging out and back in again. Right click the icon, select Run As… and enter the user name and password you want to use. This only applies for that run. The trick is particularly useful if you need to have administrative permissions to install a program, which many require. Note that you can have some fun by running programs multiple times on the same system as different users, but this can have unforeseen effects.
12. Windows XP can be very insistent about you checking for auto updates, registering a Passport, using Windows Messenger and so on. After a while, the nagging goes away, but if you feel you might go insane before that point, run Regedit, go to HKEY_CURRENT_USER/Software/Microsoft/Windows/Current Version/Explorer/Advanced and create a DWORD value called EnableBalloonTips with a value of 0.
13. You can start up without needing to enter a user name or password. Select Run… from the start menu and type ‘control userpasswords2′, which will open the user accounts application. On the Users tab, clear the box for Users Must Enter A User Name And Password To Use This Computer, and click on OK. An Automatically Log On dialog box will appear; enter the user name and password for the account you want to use.
14. Internet Explorer 6 will automatically delete temporary files, but only if you tell it to. Start the browser, select Tools / Internet Options… and Advanced, go down to the Security area and check the box to Empty Temporary Internet Files folder when browser is closed.
15. XP comes with a free Network Activity Light, just in case you can’t see the LEDs twinkle on your network card. Right click on My Network Places on the desktop, then select Properties. Right click on the description for your LAN or dial-up connection, select Properties, then check the Show icon in notification area when connected box. You’ll now see a tiny network icon on the right of your task bar that glimmers nicely during network traffic.
16. The Start Menu can be leisurely when it decides to appear, but you can speed things along by changing the registry entry HKEY_CURRENT_USER/Control Panel/Desktop/MenuShowDelay from the default 400 to something a little snappier. Like 0.
17. You can rename loads of files at once in Windows Explorer. Highlight a set of files in a window, then right click on one and rename it. All the other files will be renamed to that name, with individual numbers in brackets to distinguish them. Also, in a folder you can arrange icons in alphabetised groups by View, Arrange Icon By… Show In Groups.
18. Windows Media Player will display the cover art for albums as it plays the tracks — if it found the picture on the Internet when you copied the tracks from the CD. If it didn’t, or if you have lots of pre-WMP music files, you can put your own copy of the cover art in the same directory as the tracks. Just call it folder.jpg and Windows Media Player will pick it up and display it.
19. Windows key + Break brings up the System Properties dialogue box; Windows key + D brings up the desktop; Windows key + Tab moves through the taskbar buttons.
20. Windows XP secretly KNOWS that the average user has no idea what they are doing. Therefore, it doesn’t let you do really stupid things like deleting the windows directory (at least not without spending several hours convincing it that you REALLY want to do this). Oh yeah, and internet explorer kinda sucks, get Firefox.

How to share Dth connction with Tv and Computer

2009-11-12T07:06:00.000-08:00

yes you can divert the output cable into two lines by joining a router plug on the output cable, but the problem is that the same channel will be seen both in tv and in the computer at the same time..

OWNLOAD BOLT BROWSER ON YOUR MOBILE

2009-11-12T06:48:00.000-08:00

* DOWNLOAD BOLT BROWSER ON YOUR MOBILE & ENJOY THE SURFING LIKE PC

DOWNLOAD FROM

Quote:

http://boltbrowser.com

TRICK TO TYPE IN BOLD-ITALICS LETTERS IN GTALK CHAT BOX

2009-11-12T06:47:00.001-08:00

TRICK TO TYPE IN BOLD-ITALICS LETTERS IN GTALK CHAT BOX

JUST TYPE

_*YOUR MATTER*_

AND PRESS ENTER.

YOUR TYPED LETTER IS NOW BOLD ITALIC.

USE ON-SCREEN KEYBOARD WHEN U WANT TO LOGIN IN UR ONLINE BANK ACCOUNTS TO NOT GET HACKED BY KEYLOGGERS.

2009-11-12T06:32:00.000-08:00

USE ON-SCREEN KEYBOARD WHEN U WANT TO LOGIN IN UR ONLINE BANK ACCOUNTS TO NOT GET HACKED BY KEYLOGGERS.

TO OPEN -- GOTO RUN -->TYPE--> OSK

How to build a UTP network cable

2009-10-22T09:09:00.000-07:00

Step 1

With the release of Microsoft's Windows 7, many of us will be up grading our computers, printers, and networks. This will be the perfect opportunity to change some of the older cables we've all been using, but instead of spending large amounts of money you can following the steps below and make your own.

You will first need to obtain the materials that include cable, RJ-45 connectors, a crimper and wire stripper. You can find most of these items at your local office supply store or even on the all knowing internet.

# Step 2

You will need to lay out the wires on a flat surface. Then you will need to trim the wres all to the same lenght with a pair of wire cutters.

Insert the wires into the RJ-45 connector, ensuring that the connector is oriented the correct way, with the tab facing away when you insert th wires, with the first pair of wires, blue and white/blue,going toconnectors 4 and 5 inside the RJ-45 connector, and connect the blue wire to connectgor 4 and white/blue wire to connector 5.

# Step 3

Make sure the second pair of wires goes to connectors 1 and 2 and connect the white/orange wire to connector 1 and the orange wire to connector 2.

Make sre the third pair goes to connectors 3 and 6 and connec the white/green wire to connector 3 and the green wire to connector 6.

Make sure the fourth pair goes to connectors 7 and 8 and connect the white/brown wire to connector 7 and brown wire to connector 8.

Make sure a portion of the cable jacket is inside the connector.

Insert the RJ-45 connector into the crimping tool and crimp the connector to the wires.

Test the installation by pulling the cable and connector in opposite directions to make sure your work does not come loose.

Repeat this process on the other end of the cable and you have made your first network cable.

How to Keep your Computer Fast and Secured: Basic & Advanced Essentials

2009-10-22T09:08:00.000-07:00

#

The first step to keeping your computer safe is to perform regular system updates. Apply this when the Operating System has been recently installed, and make sure the system keeps updating itself automatically whenever updates become available. These updates are generally important, and often critical, which in turn will better protect your computer from most vulnerabilities.

- How to turn on automatic updates (if disabled): Go to the Start menu> Settings>Control Panel>System>Automatic Updates tab.
#

Install an anti-virus utility. There are many great commercial software out there (typically starting at $50), but in case you are unable to purchase any of these, there are also some free ones that offer the essentials needed to keep your computer safe. Please note that commercial software generally come as a full package, containing advanced firewall features, parental controls, better e-mail filtering, and so on. However, depending on your needs, free anti-virus programs will allow you to at least scan and clean your computer for viruses.
#

Other than scanning your computer for viruses, keep a spyware-removal tool available. Again, there are free applications out there that perform an excellent job at finding what doesn't belong on your hard drive; anything from tracking cookies to ad-related files.

Why is it important that these malicious files remain off your computer? To provide a general idea, it keeps your personal data protected, and gives your system the potential to remain fast and smooth because no unwanted information will be loaded into the system's memory (which launches undesired processes and services to run behind the scenes.)
#

Talking about processes and services, make sure your system is not running any unknown application in the background. While this piece of information may be intended for more advanced users, it is nonetheless a vital step in keeping your computer protected.
#

Take some time to see if your hard drive has any fragmented files. You can do this by going to the Start menu>Programs>Accessories>System Tools>Disk Defragmenter. In short, what this means is that many files are often scattered all over the system into different pieces (as you launch needed applications) and therefore become disorganized, which causes your applications to take longer to launch. Allow this simple application to organize your files, and your system will thank you.
#

Backup your files regularly. Even if your computer is fully protected by trusted applications, you never know when your system (or hard drive) might crash. These are things that happen when you least expect it. Move or copy all documents and other personal data to other storage device(s) regularly.
#

In an effort to keep your computer running fast, the general rule with an Operating System is to format it every six months. While it is not necessary, it helps keep your system fresh. For these occasions, it is best to image your system with proper imaging software
.
#

Keep your system firewall enabled. Windows XP has a free firewall included. This is definitely not for everyone, but when it comes to keeping intruders out, this guy delivers. See if your Windows firewall is enabled via the Start menu>Settings>Control Panel>Windows Firewall.

Note: Some applications/games may depend on the disability of your firewall in order to establish an internet connection (to perform application updates or expand gaming possibilities.)
#

Only install needed applications. When excessive programs are installed, your system takes a hit by having to store essential program files into the registry. In the long run, your computer may perform a bit sluggish. If possible, keep your computer clean.
#

The last step is to NOT simply perform all of the above as a one-time activity. Many people forget to perform these duties on a regular basis. Remember, only YOU can tell your computer what to do. See general tips below for more information.

What is the use of DHCP Server - How to configure dhcp server - An overall information about DHCP Server and leasing ip address. Assigning IP address.

2009-10-22T08:49:00.000-07:00

DHCP server allows system administrator to automatically assign IP addresses, subnet masks and other configuration information like DNS and WINS servers to client computers on local network.

Through the use of DHCP server network administrators save time required for configuration and re-configuration of computers.

Administrator should install DHCP service on a computer that was assigned a static IP address (this prevents clients to look all over the subnet to get their addresses renewed)

You need to have administrative privileges to install and configure DHCP server.

You need to authorize your DHCP server if it is to be integrated in AD network (Person authorizing the DHCP server needs to be a member of the enterprise administrators security group).

Stand alone DHCP servers can still be deployed but they should not share subnet with authorized DHCP servers.

Stand alone servers that are deployed together with authorized servers are called rogue servers.

The rogue server will automatically stop its DHCP service when it detects authorized server on the subnet.

DHCP scope is a pool of IP addresses within a logical subnet which DHCP server assigns to its clients.
Scopes provide for IP address management.

When an IP is offered for a client it is said that IP address is a lease.

When the lease is made it is said to be active. Leases are renewed for different reasons, client will try to renew when 50% of old lease expires.

The DHCP server has to have IP address compatible with the scope it is assigned, i.e. the server itself has to be in the scope.

100 keyboard shortcuts for Windows OS

2009-10-22T07:06:00.000-07:00

100 keyboard shortcuts Keys for Windows OS.

CTRL+C (Copy)
CTRL+X (Cut)
CTRL+V (Paste)
CTRL+Z (Undo)
DELETE (Delete)
SHIFT+DELETE (Delete the selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin)
CTRL while dragging an item (Copy the selected item)
CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item (Create a shortcut to the selected item)
F2 key (Rename the selected item)
CTRL+RIGHT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word)
CTRL+LEFT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word)
CTRL+DOWN ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph)
CTRL+UP ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph)
CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Highlight a block of text)
SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text in a document)
CTRL+A (Select all)
F3 key (Search for a file or a folder)
ALT+ENTER (View the properties for the selected item)
ALT+F4 (Close the active item, or quit the active program)
ALT+ENTER (Display the properties of the selected object)
ALT+SPACEBAR (Open the shortcut menu for the active window)
CTRL+F4 (Close the active document in programs that enable you to have multiple documents open simultaneously)
ALT+TAB (Switch between the open items)
ALT+ESC (Cycle through items in the order that they had been opened)
F6 key (Cycle through the screen elements in a window or on the desktop)
F4 key (Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
SHIFT+F10 (Display the shortcut menu for the selected item)
ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the System menu for the active window)
CTRL+ESC (Display the Start menu)
ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name (Display the corresponding menu)
Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu (Perform the corresponding command)
F10 key (Activate the menu bar in the active program)
RIGHT ARROW (Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu)
LEFT ARROW (Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu)
F5 key (Update the active window)
BACKSPACE (View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
ESC (Cancel the current task)
SHIFT when you insert a CD-ROM into the CD-ROM drive (Prevent the CD-ROM from automatically playing)
Dialog Box Keyboard Shortcuts
CTRL+TAB (Move forward through the tabs)
CTRL+SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the tabs)
TAB (Move forward through the options)
SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the options)
ALT+Underlined letter (Perform the corresponding command or select the corresponding option)
ENTER (Perform the command for the active option or button)
SPACEBAR (Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box)
Arrow keys (Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons)
F1 key (Display Help)
F4 key (Display the items in the active list)
BACKSPACE (Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box)
Microsoft Natural Keyboard Shortcuts
Windows Logo (Display or hide the Start menu)
Windows Logo+BREAK (Display the System Properties dialog box)
Windows Logo+D (Display the desktop)
Windows Logo+M (Minimize all of the windows)
Windows Logo+SHIFT+M (Restore the minimized windows)
Windows Logo+E (Open My Computer)
Windows Logo+F (Search for a file or a folder)
CTRL+Windows Logo+F (Search for computers)
Windows Logo+F1 (Display Windows Help)
Windows Logo+ L (Lock the keyboard)
Windows Logo+R (Open the Run dialog box)
Windows Logo+U (Open Utility Manager)
Accessibility Keyboard Shortcuts
Right SHIFT for eight seconds (Switch FilterKeys either on or off)
Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN (Switch High Contrast either on or off)
Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK (Switch the MouseKeys either on or off)
SHIFT five times (Switch the StickyKeys either on or off)
NUM LOCK for five seconds (Switch the ToggleKeys either on or off)
Windows Logo +U (Open Utility Manager)
Windows Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts
END (Display the bottom of the active window)
HOME (Display the top of the active window)
NUM LOCK+Asterisk sign (*) (Display all of the subfolders that are under the selected folder)
NUM LOCK+Plus sign (+) (Display the contents of the selected folder)
NUM LOCK+Minus sign (-) (Collapse the selected folder)
LEFT ARROW (Collapse the current selection if it is expanded, or select the parent folder)
RIGHT ARROW (Display the current selection if it is collapsed, or select the first subfolder)
Shortcut Keys for Character Map
After you double-click a character on the grid of characters, you can move through the grid by using the keyboard shortcuts:
RIGHT ARROW (Move to the right or to the beginning of the next line)
LEFT ARROW (Move to the left or to the end of the previous line)
UP ARROW (Move up one row)
DOWN ARROW (Move down one row)
PAGE UP (Move up one screen at a time)
PAGE DOWN (Move down one screen at a time)
HOME (Move to the beginning of the line)
END (Move to the end of the line)
CTRL+HOME (Move to the first character)
CTRL+END (Move to the last character)
SPACEBAR (Switch between Enlarged and Normal mode when a character is selected)
Microsoft Management Console (MMC) Main Window Keyboard Shortcuts
CTRL+O (Open a saved console)
CTRL+N (Open a new console)
CTRL+S (Save the open console)
CTRL+M (Add or remove a console item)
CTRL+W (Open a new window)
F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the MMC window menu)
ALT+F4 (Close the console)
ALT+A (Display the Action menu)
ALT+V (Display the View menu)
ALT+F (Display the File menu)
ALT+O (Display the Favorites menu)
MMC Console Window Keyboard Shortcuts
CTRL+P (Print the current page or active pane)
ALT+Minus sign (-) (Display the window menu for the active console window)
SHIFT+F10 (Display the Action shortcut menu for the selected item)
F1 key (Open the Help topic, if any, for the selected item)
F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
CTRL+F10 (Maximize the active console window)
CTRL+F5 (Restore the active console window)
ALT+ENTER (Display the Properties dialog box, if any, for the selected item)
F2 key (Rename the selected item)
CTRL+F4 (Close the active console window. When a console has only one console window, this shortcut closes the console)
Remote Desktop Connection
CTRL+ALT+END (Open the Microsoft Windows NT Security dialog box)
ALT+PAGE UP (Switch between programs from left to right)
ALT+PAGE DOWN (Switch between programs from right to left)
ALT+INSERT (Cycle through the programs in most recently used order)
ALT+HOME (Display the Start menu)
CTRL+ALT+BREAK (Switch the client computer between a window and a full screen)
ALT+DELETE (Display the Windows menu)
CTRL+ALT+Minus sign (-) (Place a snapshot of the active window in the client on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)
CTRL+ALT+Plus sign (+) (Place a snapshot of the entire client window area on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing ALT+PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)
Microsoft Internet Explorer
CTRL+B (Open the Organize Favorites dialog box)
CTRL+E (Open the Search bar)
CTRL+F (Start the Find utility)
CTRL+H (Open the History bar)
CTRL+I (Open the Favorites bar)
CTRL+L (Open the Open dialog box)
CTRL+N (Start another instance of the browser with the same Web address)
CTRL+O (Open the Open dialog box, the same as CTRL+L)
CTRL+P (Open the Print dialog box)
CTRL+R (Update the current Web page
)
CTRL+W (Close the current window)

Disabling the ability to click on My Computer

2009-10-22T06:34:00.000-07:00

ou can restrict any user to access your system drives if you disable the click feature on My Computer. User will get no changes when he will try to open My Computer.

By editing the windows registry keys, you can disable the click feature on My Computer.

Follow the given steps to disable My Computer setting.

1] First click on Start button then type Regedit in Run option.
2] In registry editor panel search the value 20D04FE0-3AEA-1069-A2D8-08002B30309D
3] May be you will find this value on path HKey_Classes_Root \ CLSID section.
4] Here delete the entire section of this value.
5] Now close the registry editor and restart your computer after any changes to go into effect.

Windows Xp Folder Codes !!

2009-10-22T06:33:00.002-07:00

Create a folder or shortcut without a name (and I mean really nothing!)

Create a new folder with the name X.
Open the command prompt and rename it to one of the following:

.{20D04FE0-3AEA-1069-A2D8-08002B30309D} (= My Computer)
.{450D8FBA-AD25-11D0-98A8-0800361B1103} (= My Documents)
.{208D2C60-3AEA-1069-A2D7-08002B30309D} (= My Network Places)
.{645FF040-5081-101B-9F08-00AA002F954E} (= Recycle Bin)
.{871C5380-42A0-1069-A2EA-08002B30309D} (= Internet Explorer)
.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D} (= Control Panel)
.{D20EA4E1-3957-11D2-A40B-0C5020524153} (= Administrative Tools)
.{00020D75-0000-0000-C000-000000000046} (= Inbox)
.{D20EA4E1-3957-11D2-A40B-0C5020524152} (= Fonts)
.{7007ACC7-3202-11D1-AAD2-00805FC1270E} (= Network Connections)
.{2227A280-3AEA-1069-A2DE-08002B30309D} (= Printers and Faxes)
.{7BE9D83C-A729-4D97-b5A7-1B7313C39E0A} (= Programs Folder)
.{E211B736-43FD-11D1-9EFB-0000F8757FCD} (= Scanners and Cameras)
.{D6277990-4C6A-11CF-8D87-00AA0060F5BF} (= Scheduled Tasks)
.{48E7CAAB-B918-4E58-A94D-505519C795DC} (= Start Menu Folder)
.{7BD29E00-76C1-11CF-9DD0-00A0C9034933} (= Temporary Internet Files)
.{BDEADF00-C265-11d0-BCED-00A0C90AB50F} (= Web Folders)
.{6DFD7C5C-2451-11D3-A299-00C04F8EF6AF} (= Folder Options)
.{00020801-0000-0000-C000-000000000046} (= Folder)
.{00021400-0000-0000-C000-000000000046} (= Another Folder)

For example: "rename X .{20D04FE0-3AEA-1069-A2D8-08002B30309D}"

How to Disable the Vista Black Screen

2009-10-22T06:33:00.001-07:00

*First we need to open group policy.
*Go to Start.
*Open accessories.
*Open Run.
*And type in “gpedit.msc”.
*Then again continue at the annoying “Windows needs your permission to continue” window.
*Then select “Computer Configuration”.
*Then “Windows Settings”.
*And then select “Security Settings”.
*Open “Local Policies”.
*Double click on “Security Options”.
*Now you need to scroll down to the policy named “User Account Control: Switch to the secure desktop when prompting for elevation” and you need to double click on it to open the next window.
*Select disable, click on apply and OK.

How to Modify Your CD-ROM to Watch DVD Movies

2009-10-22T06:32:00.000-07:00

There are two types of CD-ROM drives we can mod:
24x to 40x
40x or higher

Drives slower than 24x are too old to be modded.

24x to 40x CD ROMs

Laser Head Adjustments:
The track pitch of CDs is 1.6 microns, and the track pitch of DVDs is only 0.8 microns. The minimum length of track pits of CDs is 0.843mm, and the minimum length of track pits of DVDs is 0.293mm. That's why DVD discs can store much more data in the size of a CD.

Pinpointing this situation, we need to adjust the laser head so it can read discs with smaller track pitchs and shorter track pits. Open up the CD-ROM drive, do you see a lens on the rail? That's the laser head. On the side of the laser head, there's a screw you can adjust.

This is the key of this mod.
This screw can adjust the size of the laser beam that lands on the disc. Referring to the above, after adjusting, the laser beam should be less than 0.293mm, to suit the needs of DVD discs. So turn that screw 2-3 times. I got this number through trial and error. Mark with a pencil, in case you forget how many times you turned that screw.

Speed adjustments:
DVD-ROM drives can play DVD movies smoothly at 4x speed. If we're modding a 32x CD-ROM drive, the rotation speed is obviously too high, increasing heat, and shortening the life of the drive.

So we need to decrease the speed of it.
Most people know that power supplies can provide 5V (red wire) and 12V (yellow wire) electricity output for Molex connectors. Find the Molex connector you'll plug into the modded CD-ROM drive, cut the yellow wire or insulate it with tape, so only 5V of electricity is transferred to the CD-ROM drive. The speed of the drive is now 32 * 5/17 = 9.41x and can now fulfill our requirements.

40x or higher CD ROMs

When 40x CD-ROM drives are released, most manufacturers are already producing DVD-ROM drives. To lower cost, they use the same core as DVD-ROM drives with DVD functions disabled. What we need to do here is to re-enable the DVD function.
Open up the CD-ROM, behind the circuit board, look for a jumper that says DVD JUMP. Find a jumper to connect this jumper. Thin metal wire also works fine.

OK, so the DVD function is unlocked, but we still need to decrease the speed. Use the instructions above on how to decrase the speed of the drive.

Notes:
Modded drives cannot be detected in POST, that means you cannot use it in DOS. But once you get into Windows, the drive works fine.
Modded drives have no region code problems.
Modded drives MIGHT NOT read DVD9 discs, that's why I said you can watch most retail DVDs in the beginning

List of Linux Basic Commands

2009-10-22T06:30:00.000-07:00

For changing directory / to /etc
[root@pc1 /]# cd /etc

One step back /etc to /
[root@pc1 etc]# cd ..

Go to previous working directory
[root@pc1 /]# cd -

Go to current login user home directory
[root@pc1 etc]# cd ~

Show the contents of /etc in single color
[root@pc1 ~]# dir /etc

Show the contents of /etc in different colors with nature of contents
[root@pc1 ~]# Ls /etc

create a folder on root partition
[root@pc1 ~]# mkdir /disk

Create a folder in /disk
[root@pc1 ~]# mkdir /disk/dir

Create multiple folder in multiple directories with single command
[root@pc1 ~]# mkdir /etc/dir1 /var/dir2 /usr/dir3

Create multiple folder in same directory
[root@pc1 ~]# mkdir dir1 dir2 dir3

Copy a file in directory
[root@pc1 disk]# cp file dir

Copy a file from /disk/file and paste it in /disk/dir/
[root@pc1 disk]# cp /disk/file /disk/dir

Copy a directory with -r option
[root@pc1 disk]# cp -r dir dir2

Copy a file from /disk/file and paste it in /etc with myfile name
[root@pc1 disk]# cp /disk/file /etc/myfile

Remove a file
[root@pc1 disk]# rm file

Remove a file with forcefully option
[root@pc1 disk]# rm -f file

Remove a directory with out -r option and you face will an error
[root@pc1 disk]# rm dir

Remove a directory with -r option
[root@pc1 disk]# rm -r /disk

Remove a directory with forcefully option
[root@pc1 disk]# rm -rf dir

Move /etc/dir1 to /disk/ with different name
[root@pc1 disk]# mv /etc/dir1 /disk/mydir

Rename the folder name mydir to dir
[root@pc1 disk]# mv /disk/mydir /disk/dir

Rename the file name with myfile
[root@pc1 disk]# mv file myfile

Read a file page by page with less command
[root@pc1 disk]# less /etc/grub.conf

Read a file page by page with more command
[root@pc1 disk]# more /etc/qrub.conf

Read first ten lines of grub.conf
[root@pc1 disk]# head /etc/grub.conf

Read last ten lings of grub.conf
[root@pc1 disk]# tail /etc/grub.conf

Read first 12 lines with -n option
[root@pc1 disk]# head -n 12 /etc/grub.conf

Read last 11 lines with -n option
[root@pc1 disk]# tail -n 11 /etc/grub.conf

Copy the contents of /etc/grub.conf in /disk/file
[root@pc1 disk]# cat /etc/grub.conf > /disk/file

Append the contents /etc/mtab in /etc/file
[root@pc1 disk]# cat /etc/mtab >> /disk/file

Merging tow commands with pipe sign output of the first command is input of second command
[root@pc1 disk]# cat /etc/squid/squid.conf I more

Count the total lines of squid.conf
[root@pc1 disk]# cat /etc/squid/squid.conf I wc -L

Show only spool words in squid.conf
[root@pc1 disk]# cat /etc/squid/squid.conf I grep spool

Flush the contents of file
[root@pc1 disk]# cat /dev/null > /var/log/messages

Vodafone Hack For Free GPRS

2009-10-22T06:29:00.000-07:00

Vodafone Hack For Free GPRS

This method has been tested on different mobiles and has been confirmed to be working.
Followng are the Settings you require to configure on your Mobile:

Account Name: Vodafone_gprs
Homepage: http://live(.)vodafone(.)in [Remove the brackets]
User Name: (no need)
Pass: (no need)

Access Point Settings:-
Proxy: Enabled
Proxy Address: 10.10.1.100
Proxy Port: 9401
Data Bearer: Packet Data

Bearer Settings:-
Packet Data Access Point: portalnmms
Network type: IPV4
Authentication: normal
User Name: (no need)
Password: (no need)

*IF that happen this settings is not working then change the proxy port number to:-

Proxy Port: 9401

How to auto restart Windows Xp and Vista in case of System Failure

2009-10-22T06:25:00.000-07:00

Windows Blue Screen of Death in both of Xp and Vista are the most terrible thing which happens when there is a system failure and machine comes to an halt. The next you do is power down the machine and start it manually. However you can change this to make it restart automatically after the dump is created instead of waiting.

* Right click on My Computer and Click Properties
* Click on settings of System and Recovery.
* Remember this place is you can configure what the system will do when it gets into system failure.
* Just check the check box which says Automatically restart

Confiker Virus millions of computers around the world

2009-10-06T02:52:00.000-07:00

This is to inform you that Confiker Virus is a new virus that has affected millions of computers around the world on April 1st, 09. If your PC is working at a dead slow speed then it may be a sign that your PC has been affected by the virus. Removal of Confiker Virus can be somewhat tricky as it blocks access to the most well-known security websites, such as Microsoft, McAfee, Norton, etc.

For your convenience and to ensure that your machines are
protected, there is a special Security Patch available for download. All you have to do to stay protected from this malicious virus is to download the Security Patch from the following link:
http://www.mylink.net.pk/Downloads/Windows32bit.zip

Copy & paste this link in a browser window if direct clicking does not work.) Remember, you will have to run the Security Patch twice in order to ensure complete removal of the Confiker Virus from your system.

Some Important LINUX Issues

2009-10-06T02:51:00.002-07:00

1) User Interface :- Another important issue is the lack of user friendly interface in the LINUX. It is really very hard for a user of Microsoft Windows to switch to LINUX because of this behaviour. Using Microsoft windows is a fun and really easy, while for LINUX some technical skills are always required to do even the simple tasks. Let us take the example of installing Microsoft Windows. This process is very systematic and automatic. Any person with basic computer skills is capable of doing it. While in case of LINUX this is not an automatic task. In case of problems technical knowledge is a must. So this is another reason why the home users feel it difficult to switch to the LINUX. The shifting of technical person from Windows to LINUX is far more difficult. The concepts, interface, problems their solutions, all are different from the Windows enviroment. So it is also very hard for the technical persons too to jump to the LINUX enviroment.

2)Migration Issue :- Another main factor due to which the Windows based management systems cannot switch to LINUX , easily, is compatibility issue. The cost involved in this switch is very much high, so usually windows based management systems do not shift to LINUX even if they can see more benefits in using the LINUX. Actually all the data formats of both operating systems are quite different. For migrating towards LINUX will require all the data into a new format that should be compatible with the LINUX. And this cannot be achieved easily. Important data may be lost during this migration. If the migration is done with success, then the users will need training to learn the new softwares and enviroment. And also the technical staff will require a tough training to learn new system and how to solve the technical issues that may arise.

Disadvantages of using Linux Operating System

2009-10-06T02:51:00.001-07:00

1) Fewer business applications :- Microsoft windows provide their users with highly specialized business applications. But this is not the case with LINUX. The main reason of this is that people may not want to waste their time and energy to make the "Free applications" using Linux . Professionals will, of course, get great income when they will develop the application for Microsoft windows because thet can be sold.

2) Incompatible distributions :- The applications developed in LINUX are not compatible with all the distributions. This is another reason why LINUX users are not growing as they should.

3) Highly Skilled Administrators Required :- In order to administer the systems with Microsft Windows, very little effort and experience is required as things are easy to use and have very easy user interfaces. So a lot of people are available at affordable rates. While in the case of LINUX things are opposite. TO administer the system with LINUX high skills and experience is required and it is usually tough to learn it. So it is always a problem to find a right person to administer your linux based systems. Also the cost of hiring such person is really high.

Why Use Linux in place of Windows?

2009-10-06T02:50:00.000-07:00

There are many reasons of using the Linux operating system, especially when you need it for business purposes. Let us discuss these points.

1) Cost Effective :- As already mentioned LINUX and most of its applications like php, mysql and many others , all are open source and free to use. No need of paying monthly or annually license fees for the operating system and applications. Also there is no need to get new hardware with new versions of software unlike Microsoft windows. So Linux is cost effective.

2) More Quality :- As all the tools, applications and development enviroments of Linux are free to use, the maintenance and administration is cheap. So the efficiency is improved.

3) Most Secure :- Linux operating system is the most secure operating system which is another benefit over other operating systems. Let us take a more detailed review on advantages and disadvantages of using Linux operating system.
Advantages Of Linux Operating System:

1) Stable And Reliable Coding :- Linux is an open source operating system. Its code can be viewed and edited by any one. So when professionals work together in smaller and bigger projects, code is reviewed by them. So a very large number of people view, edit , improve and find the bugs in the code. This makes the code of Linux more and more perfect and reliable. This feature cannot be found in any other operating system because their code is always hidden from public and only the company coders can improve the code.

2) Freedom to modify:- Linux code can be viewed and changed by any one. Any small or large organization can change the code to meet their specific requirements.

3) Low resource requirements:- A lot of people have used the linux code to make new contributions, utilities and applications. So a linux user may find almost every thing for free. And another great benefit is that all these contributions do not need the upgrade of hardware. This is not the case with the Microsoft windows where all new softwares require a new set of hardware to work with. So windows users are always facing problem of compatiblity of new softwares with their current system hardware.

4) Most Secure Operating System :- The contributions in source code have made the LINUX a really stable and secure operating system. The code is designed in such a way that an end user can do what he is allowed but cannot do any thing that can break the system. Especially the security and intelligence personnels prefer to use the open source applications. Because they can easily review the code and modify it to their specific needs regarding security.

5) Highly Resistant Against Viruses :- The compact and reliable coding of LINUX has added a really high resistance against the viruses and trojans. So the LINUX operating system, usually, do not need any anti-virus tools installed. The file system of LINUX do not allow any virus to infect the system.

How To Define Linux?

2009-10-06T02:49:00.000-07:00

LINUX , an alternate of Windows operating system is a free or low cost, secure and reliable operating system. Efficiency and Stability are its main features. Linus Torvalds first got the idea to develop the Linux kernel in 1991, while studying in the University of Helsinki. Linus along with other team members completed it with the combination of the linux kernel and system component. This was the base of GNU project, so LINUX is also known as GNU/LINUX.

It has all the features that any complete operating system should have, like GUI ( graphical user interface), many useful collection of tools, important applications etc. Linux Operating system is supported by almost all hardwares ranging from simple PCs to supercomputers. All file systems such as FAT, NTFS etc are supported.

One of the most important features of Linux that none of its competitors have, is that LINUX is an open source operating system. Open Source means, its source code is open to all. Every one can view and edit the code to enhance the functions by adding new contributions. These contributions like the Linux are also Open Source.

Create Your Own Drive..

2009-10-01T09:58:00.000-07:00

IF U WANT TO CREATE UR OWN PERSONAL DRIVE!
then...

Do this

Go to c drive

Create a new folder ( say samp1 )

now go to command prompt and type

subst z: c:\samp1

now go to my computer and check it..........

To remove the drive

go to command prompt and type

subst z: /d

Well It might be old.. but Not every One knows it...So just Added To Remind Dear...

How To Create Bootable USB To Install Windows Vista

2009-10-01T09:53:00.000-07:00

This tutorial will help you in creating a bootable USB drive of Windows Vista which you can use to install Vista in any system. It might become very useful when you don't have access to DVD drive.

1. First format your USB drive in NTFS file system. You can do it by attaching your USB drive to your system and then format it from My Computer window.

2. Now open Command Prompt window from Start menu. Right-click on Command Prompt entry in start menu and select "Run as administrator" option.

3. Now type diskpart in Command Prompt window and press Enter. It'll launch DiskPart program

4. Now provide following command:

list volume

It'll show a list of all drives in your system. Look for your USB drive entry. As in the below screenshot, the USB drive is "G" which you can determine from its "Type" entry.

Now you have to select the USB drive volume by providing select volume no. command. Since in our case volume no. of USB drive is "Volume 4", the command would be:

select volume 4

Now we have to make this drive active. So provide active command:

active

Now exit from DiskPart using exit command.

5. Now we need to create Boot sector on USB drive. We'll use "bootsect.exe" utility for this task. You can find this utility in Windows Vista setup disk. It'll be present in "Boot" directory.

Now provide following command in Command Prompt:

bootsect /nt60 G:

Here G is drive letter of USB drive. Replace it with the correct drive letter if your system has some other letter for USB drive.

6. At last, copy all files/folders from Vista Setup DVD to your USB drive and you have done.

Now you can boot using your USB drive and can install Windows Vista in any system.

Steps to disable the rightclick on Desktop

2009-10-01T09:50:00.001-07:00

To eliminate the right click on the desktop:

run command by selecting and then choose run and then

1. type Regedit
2. Go to HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer
3. Add a DWORD and give it a name of NoViewContextMenu
4. Give it a value of 1
5. Reboot

EnjoY Pop's World....

How Install Xp From Dos

2009-10-01T09:48:00.001-07:00

If XP will not install from the CD or if you have a new drive with no operating system on
it yet try these:

Install Windows XP from the hard drive with Windows 98 already installed:

Boot Windows 98
Insert the XP CD into your CD reader
Explore Windows XP through My Computer
Copy i386 folder to C:\
Go into C:\i386 folder and double click on winnt32.exe to launch the setup from the hard drive

Install Windows XP from DOS (ie. no OS on a new hard drive):

Boot with a Windows 98 Start Up disk

Insert the Windows 98 CD into the CD reader

Run smartdrv.exe from the Win98 directory on the windows 98 CD (file caching)

Type cd.. to back up to the root directory

Insert Windows XP CD into the CD reader

Copy the i386 folder to C:\

Go into C:\i386 folder on C: and type winnt.exe to launch the setup from the hard drive.

Hide your Hard Disk Drives | Hide Important data from other USERS

2009-10-01T09:47:00.001-07:00

When you need to secure your important data from other users, there are so many choice over there like folder protect,hide folder and much more. But imagine if your data size is more than 100 GB then it is not easy to burn it on CD or protect it. So don't worry friends, I am posting a trick by using this trick you can save your full drive by hiding it from other users. You can hide your drives without any Registry Edit.

1. Log on as Administrator

2. Click on Start button then click on Run > Type CMD

3.Now type diskpart at the command prompt and wait for 5 seconds to appear diskpart> utility.

4.To show the list of volume, type list volume

command after the diskpart> prompt, this command will show you all system drives detail.

5.Now Select the volume that you want to hide for example

If you want to hide F drive then first type select volume 2 (in this case) and hit enter button

6.After selecting volume, type Remove letter F (in this case) to hide F drive.

7. DONE. Now you hide your drive successfully..to verify go to My Computer and check drives

8.But next time, when you want to unhide the F drive, just type assign letter F command after loading volume 2.

Make your Windows XP talk as you type..

2009-10-01T09:44:00.001-07:00

Open a text file in notepad and write:

copy from here:-

Dim msg, sapi

msg=InputBox("Enter your text","Talk it")

Set sapi=CreateObject("sapi.spvoice")

sapi.Speak msg

Save the file with a (*.vbs) extension, it will create a VBScript File.

Then after clicking the .vbs file, it will prompt you for a text, input the text and press ok.

Enjoy..POP's World Is Good.. :)

Lock Your Computer on Mouse Click!

2009-10-01T09:42:00.000-07:00

Instead of pressing CTRL+ALT+DEL or windows + L to lock your machine you can create an icon to lock your machine. There are very simple steps by using it you can simply lock your computer using single mouse click.

Just Follow the simple step >>

1. Right click an empty spot on the desktop, point to New and click Shortcut.

2. In the Create Shortcut dialog box, type the following in the 'Type the location' of the item

rundll32 user32.dll,LockWorkStation

3. Click Next

4. In "Type a name for this shortcut", type "" (any name as u wish) and Click Finish

5. This will Create a shortcut in your Desktop.

6.Now each time when you want to lock the computer , Just click on this shortcut.

watch secret star wars in win xp With Telnet

2009-10-01T09:41:00.000-07:00

1) Open RUN Prompt and type "telnet" (Without quotes). You can find Run Prompt by pressing the Windows and R button together or you can find it in the Start Menu.

2) A Black color Command box appears.

3) Type O and press Enter. ( O stands for Open Port in Microsoft Telnet ).

4) Now type after the prompt "towel.blinkenlights.nl" without the quotes

5) Press Enter and Voila!!!! , You will see Star Wars Movies being played out.

What amuses one is the characters in the movie , the environment , and the fonts are made out of all the characters in ASCII table.

U must have an internet connection .speed do doesn't matter

Create shortcut for removing pendrive

2009-10-01T09:39:00.000-07:00

Rather than clicking on the task bar and then safely removing the pendrive you can eaily do so creating a shortcut:

1)Create shortcut on your desktop by right click and selecting new shortcut from the menu.

2)Type "RunDll32.exe shell32.dll,Control_RunDLL hotplug.dll" click next and then finish.

shortcut is created and now you can assign a shortcut key to it.

just right click on it and select properties-> click on shortcut tab -> assign a shortcut key to it(it will take clrt + alt by default)

Unlocking Codes For Cell Phones

2009-10-01T09:26:00.000-07:00

ALCATEL

* IMEI number: * # 0 6 #
* Software version: * # 0 6 #
* Net Monitor: 0 0 0 0 0 0 *
* Master codes: 25228352, 25228353, 83227423 (TH3/4,BH4,BF5,BG3,BF3/4..)
* Master reset (with SIM): ###337*07#
* Factory reset (with SIM): ###847#
* Alcatel 835 formating - **0102#

BOSCH

* IMEI Number: * # 0 6 #
* Dafault Language: * # 0 0 0 0 #
* Net Monitor: * # 3 2 6 2 2 5 5 * 8 3 7 8 #

DANCALL

* IMEI number: * # 0 6 #
* Software version: * # 9 9 9 9 #

ENOL

* Service menu: *#987*00#
* Full reset: *#987*99#
* SW version: *#900#

ERICSSON 6xx/7xx/8xx

* IMEI number: * # 0 6 #
* Software version: > * < < * < *

ERICSSON A1018S/T10S/T18S/T28S

* IMEI number: * # 0 6 #
* Software version: > * < < * < *
* Default language: <>

FLY BIRD

* S688: #*301#02# send - with SIM
* Menu: 7 - 10 - ok
* Reboot repair: #*8000#, #*3676#
* Service menu: V09, S1180 - *, 3 times down, 3 times up

HUAWEI

* Master security code: 309296, 3092, 9296

LG

* Service menu (code reset)(W510 W3000 G5300 L1100 C1200 G7100...): 2945#*#
* Hold (LG 500,600): 2945#*
* Service Menu B1200: *+pwr, 6,6,8
* Service Menu B1300: *+pwr, 1,5,9
* Security removing code for LG 8110,8120: 47328545454# or 277634#*#

MAXON

* IMEI number: * # 0 6 #
* Software Version: *#9900#
* Batch: *#9901#
* Developer Team names: *#9908#
* L1 Debug on/off (NetMonitor): *#9911#
* Forbidden List: *#9912#
* bDAC: *#9913#
*
* Service Active: *#9916#
* Lock Status: *#9917#
* Names Maxxon , Audioloop , GCS .. : *#9919..9922#
*
* Forced Location Update: *#9924#
* Backlight off when charging: *#9931#
*
* Discharging battery: *#9937#
* Watch stop: *#9958#
*
* Watch start: *#9959#
* Contrast set: *#9960#
*
* Menu, reset (without SIM): *#9922#
* Software Version: *#9900#
* Software Version (PBatch): *#9901#

S60 Siries (SX1, 6600, N-Gage..)
*
* Factory default: *#7780#
* Full factory defaults (all user data reset): *#7370#
* SX1 formating: * + # + power on
* 6600 formating: 3 + * + send + power on
* Sendo X1 formating: 5 + power on

MITSUBISHI

* Format FFS (Eclipse): *65512890 (*-hold)
* Test mode: * 3926 - (*-hold)
* SW version: * 5806 - (*-hold)
* Trium 320 unlock menu: *(hold) 787090

MOTOROLA

* Master code (T190, T191, T205): 19980722, 20010903
* P2K test menu: *#06#, menu, menu, 048263*
* Test comands:
* Read phone code: 32*116*1*0*0
* Read security code: 32*118*1*0*0
* Factory reset, phone code off: 18*0
* Master reset: 18*1
* Full phone reset: 54*18*1
* Select 900/1800: 10*0*6
* Model: 32*279*1*0*8
* Flex version: 32*383*1*0*0
* Hard reset MPx200 - blue button + power on

NOKIA

* Code reset (6230): *#7370925538#
* Sim clock: *#746025625# [*#sim0clock#]
* Waranty: *#92702689# [*#war0anty#]

NOKIA 5110/5120/5130/5190

* IMEI number: * # 0 6 #
* Software version: * # 0 0 0 0 #
* Simlock info: * # 9 2 7 0 2 6 8 9 #
*
* Enhanced Full Rate: * 3 3 7 0 # [ # 3 3 7 0 # off]
* Half Rate: * 4 7 2 0 #
*
* Provider lock status: #pw+1234567890+1
* Network lock status #pw+1234567890+2
* Provider lock status: #pw+1234567890+3
* SimCard lock status: #pw+1234567890+4

NOKIA 6110/6120/6130/6150/6190

* IMEI number: * # 0 6 #
* Software version: * # 0 0 0 0 #
* Simlock info: * # 9 2 7 0 2 6 8 9 #
*
* Enhanced Full Rate: * 3 3 7 0 # [ # 3 3 7 0 # off]
* Half Rate: * 4 7 2 0 #

NOKIA 3110

* IMEI number: * # 0 6 #
* Software version: * # 0 0 0 0 # or * # 9 9 9 9 # or * # 3 1 1 0 #
* Simlock info: * # 9 2 7 0 2 6 8 9 #

PANASONIC

* Master reset (user data, user code) A100, A101, A102, G50, G51, G70, GD55, ...: *01763*737381#
* Menu: *369#(*)
* Lock menu: 746 menu, menu
* 5 sec after power on - SW version (GD75, GD67, GD87..): *#9999#

PHILIPS

* IMEI number: * # 0 6 #
* Simlock info: * # 8 3 7 7 #
* Security code: * # 1 2 3 4 # (Fizz) or * # 7 4 8 9 #
* 630 without SIM (erase flash): #20021208#
* RSAV DONE: *#7728*#
* Reboot: *#3849*#
* Reboot: *#3851*#
* Philips 568 reset: *01763*737381#

PANTECH

* Master reset (user data, user code) without SIM: *01763*737381#
* SW version: *01763*8371#
* Unlock: *01763*6371#
* Menu: *01763*3641#

PANTECH HX-550C

* Full reset (phone code reset): ##03*934#9367*192#397#7412569746 PWR,
After reset: ##27732726 PWR and select "with sim"

SAMSUNG

* Full E2P reset: *2767*3855#
* Custom E2P reset: *2767*2878#
* Unlock: #*7337#
* Unlock: *2767*688#
* Contrast: *#0523#
* Service Menu (X100): *#8999*8378#

SAMSUNG SGH600/2100DB

* IMEI number: * # 0 6 #
* Software version: * # 9 9 9 9 # albo * # 0 8 3 7 #
* Net Monitor: * # 0 3 2 4 #
* Chaning LCD contrast: * # 0 5 2 3 #
*
* Memory info: * # 0 3 7 7 # albo * # 0 2 4 6 #
*
* Reset pamieci (SIMLOCK`a removing!!!): *2767*3855#
* Reset pamieci CUSTOM: *2767*2878#
* Battery state: * # 9 9 9 8 * 2 2 8 #
* Alarm beeper: *#9998*289#
* Vibra test: *#9998*842#

SIEMENS C25

* IMEI number: * # 0 6 #
* Software version: put off sim card and enter: * # 0 6 # and press LONG KEY
* Bunus screen: in phone booke: + 1 2 0 2 2 2 4 3 1 2 1
* Net Monitor (S4 Power): Menu 9 8, left SoftKey, 7 6 8 4 6 6 6, Red phone, Menu 5 6

VK MOBILE

* SW version: *#79#
* Hold menu: *#85*364# (*)
* Without SIM (VG107): 855855#
* Hold: 85558555#(*)
* Hold (VG207): 4268#(*)

VOXTEL

* Master code: 0124
* Hold menu: (ST11, SC10, V100 without SIM)0718#(*)
* Hold show code (ST11, SC10 without SIM): 4268#(*)
* Hold menu (V50, RX100 without SIM): *789(#)

Display Empty Removable Drives

2009-10-01T08:58:00.001-07:00

Windows 7 will not show empty drives by default, so if you connect an empty drive to your PC, don’t worry,

just go to Tools -> Folder Options -> ViewHide empty drives in the computer folder and uncheck “”.

This doesn’t seem like a good idea and it should not be default setting, because it will be hard for inexperienced users to figure it out.
I bet a lot of users will return their newly bought drive thinking it’s broken.

Window 7 Tips& Tricks

2009-10-01T08:50:00.000-07:00

Startup repair

If you've downloaded Windows 7 (and even if you haven't) it's a good idea to create a system repair disc straight away in case you run into problems booting the OS later on.
Click Start > Maintenance > Create a System Repair Disc, and let Windows 7 build a bootable emergency disc. If the worst does happen then it could be the only way to get your PC running again.

Understanding System Restore

Using System Restore in previous versions of Windows has been something of a gamble. There's no way of telling which applications or drivers it might affect - you just have to try it and see,Windows 7 is different..

Right-click Computer, select Properties > System Protection > System Restore > Next, and choose the restore point you'd like to use.

Click the new button to 'Scan for affected programs' and Windows will tell you which (if any) programs and drivers will be deleted or recovered by selecting this restore point....

Desktop slideshow

Windows 7 comes with some very attractive new wallpapers, and it's not always easy to decide which one you like the best. So why not let choose a few, and let Windows display them all in a desktop slideshow?
Right-click an empty part of the desktop, select Personalise > Desktop Background, then hold down Ctrl as you click on the images you like.

Choose how often you'd like the images to be changed (anything from daily to once every 10 seconds), select Shuffle if you'd like the backgrounds to appear in a random order, then click Save Changes and enjoy the show.

Custom power switch

By default, Windows 7 displays a plain text 'Shut down' button on the Start menu, but it only takes a moment to change this action to something else. If you reboot your PC a few times every day then that might make more sense as a default action: right-click the Start orb, select Properties and set the 'Power boot action' to 'Restart' to make it happen.

Auto arrange your desktop

If your Windows 7 desktop has icons scattered everywhere then you could
right-click it and select View > Auto arrange, just as in Vista.

But a simpler solution is just to press and hold down F5,

and Windows will automatically arrange its icons for you.

Disable smart window arrangement

Windows 7 features interesting new ways to intelligently arrange your windows, so that (for example) if you drag a window to the top of the screen then it will maximise. We like the new system, but if you find it distracting then it's easily disabled.
Run REGEDIT, go to HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Desktop, set WindowArrangementActive to 0 (Zero),

Use Sticky Notes

The Sticky Notes app is both simpler and more useful in Windows 7. Launch StikyNot.exe and you can type notes at the keyboard; right-click a note to change its colour; click the + sign on the note title bar to add another note; and click a note and press Alt + 4 to close the note windows (your notes are automatically saved).

Restore your gadgets

Windows 7 has tightened up its security by refusing to run gadgets if UAC has been turned off, so limiting the damage malicious unsigned gadgets can do to your system. If you've disabled UAC, miss your gadgets and are happy to accept the security risk, though, there's an easy Registry way to get everything back to normal. Run REGEDIT, go to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Sidebar\Settings, create a new DWORD value called AllowElevatedProcess and set it to 1.

Keyboard shortcuts

Windows 7 supports several useful new keyboard shortcuts.

Alt+P
Display/ hide the Explorer preview pane

Windows Logo+G
Display gadgets in front of other windows

Windows Logo++ (plus key)
Zoom in, where appropriate

Windows Logo+- (minus key)
Zoom out, where appropriate

Windows Logo+Up
Maximise the current window

Windows Logo+Down
Minimise the current window

Windows Logo+Left
Snap to the left hand side of the screen

Windows Logo+Right
Snap to the right hand side of the screen

Windows Logo+Home
Minimise/ restore everything except the current window

Command Prompt Commands for XP & Vista

2009-10-01T08:48:00.000-07:00

ANSI.SYS Defines functions that change display graphics, control cursor movement, and reassign keys.
APPEND Causes MS-DOS to look in other directories when editing a file or running a command.
ARP Displays, adds, and removes arp information from network devices.
ASSIGN Assign a drive letter to an alternate letter.
ASSOC View the file associations.
AT Schedule a time to execute commands or programs.
ATMADM Lists connections and addresses seen by Windows ATM call manager.
ATTRIB Display and change file attributes.
BATCH Recovery console command that executes a series of commands in a file.
BOOTCFG Recovery console command that allows a user to view, modify, and rebuild the boot.ini
BREAK Enable / disable CTRL + C feature.
CACLS View and modify file ACL's.
CALL Calls a batch file from another batch file.
CD Changes directories.
CHCP Supplement the International keyboard and character set information.
CHDIR Changes directories.
CHKDSK Check the hard disk drive running FAT for errors.
CHKNTFS Check the hard disk drive running NTFS for errors.
CHOICE Specify a listing of multiple options within a batch file.
CLS Clears the screen.
CMD Opens the command interpreter.
COLOR Easily change the foreground and background color of the MS-DOS window.
COMP Compares files.
COMPACT Compresses and uncompress files.
CONTROL Open control panel icons from the MS-DOS prompt.
CONVERT Convert FAT to NTFS.
COPY Copy one or more files to an alternate location.
CTTY Change the computers input/output devices.
DATE View or change the systems date.
DEBUG Debug utility to create assembly programs to modify hardware settings.
DEFRAG Re-arrange the hard disk drive to help with loading programs.
DEL Deletes one or more files.
DELETE Recovery console command that deletes a file.
DELTREE Deletes one or more files and/or directories.
DIR List the contents of one or more directory.
DISABLE Recovery console command that disables Windows system services or drivers.
DISKCOMP Compare a disk with another disk.
DISKCOPY Copy the contents of one disk and place them on another disk.
DOSKEY Command to view and execute commands that have been run in the past.
DOSSHELL A GUI to help with early MS-DOS users.
DRIVPARM Enables overwrite of original device drivers.
ECHO Displays messages and enables and disables echo.
EDIT View and edit files.
EDLIN View and edit files.
EMM386 Load extended Memory Manager.
ENABLE Recovery console command to enable a disable service or driver.
ENDLOCAL Stops the localization of the environment changes enabled by the setlocal command.
ERASE Erase files from computer.
EXIT Exit from the command interpreter.
EXPAND Expand a M*cros*ft Windows file back to it's original format.
EXTRACT Extract files from the M*cros*ft Windows cabinets.
FASTHELP Displays a listing of MS-DOS commands and information about them.
FC Compare files.
FDISK Utility used to create partitions on the hard disk drive.
FIND Search for text within a file.
FINDSTR Searches for a string of text within a file.
FIXBOOT Writes a new boot sector.
FIXMBR Writes a new boot record to a disk drive.
FOR Boolean used in batch files.
FORMAT Command to erase and prepare a disk drive.
FTP Command to connect and operate on a FTP server.
FTYPE Displays or modifies file types used in file extension associations.
GOTO Moves a batch file to a specific label or location.
GRAFTABL Show extended characters in graphics mode.
HELP Display a listing of commands and brief explanation.
IF Allows for batch files to perform conditional processing.
IFSHLP.SYS 32-bit file manager.
IPCONFIG Network command to view network adapter settings and assigned values.
KEYB Change layout of keyboard.
LABEL Change the label of a disk drive.
LH Load a device driver in to high memory.
LISTSVC Recovery console command that displays the services and drivers.
LOADFIX Load a program above the first 64k.
LOADHIGH Load a device driver in to high memory.
LOCK Lock the hard disk drive.
LOGON Recovery console command to list installations and enable administrator login.
MAP Displays the device name of a drive.
MD Command to create a new directory.
MEM Display memory on system.
MKDIR Command to create a new directory.
MODE Modify the port or display settings.
MORE Display one page at a time.
MOVE Move one or more files from one directory to another directory.
MSAV Early M*cros*ft Virus scanner.
MSD Diagnostics utility.
MSCDEX Utility used to load and provide access to the CD-ROM.
NBTSTAT Displays protocol statistics and current TCP/IP connections using NBT
NET Update, fix, or view the network or network settings
NETSH Configure dynamic and static network information from MS-DOS.
NETSTAT Display the TCP/IP network protocol statistics and information.
NLSFUNC Load country specific information.
NSLOOKUP Look up an IP address of a domain or host on a network.
PATH View and modify the computers path location.
PATHPING View and locate locations of network latency.
PAUSE Command used in batch files to stop the processing of a command.
PING Test / send information to another network computer or network device.
POPD Changes to the directory or network path stored by the pushd command.
POWER Conserve power with computer portables.
PRINT Prints data to a printer port.
PROMPT View and change the MS-DOS prompt.
PUSHD Stores a directory or network path in memory so it can be returned to at any time.
QBASIC Open the QBasic.
RD Removes an empty directory.
REN Renames a file or directory.
RENAME Renames a file or directory.
RMDIR Removes an empty directory.
ROUTE View and configure windows network route tables.
RUNAS Enables a user to execute a program on another computer.
SCANDISK Run the scandisk utility.
SCANREG Scan registry and recover registry from errors.
SET Change one variable or string to another.
SETLOCAL Enables local environments to be changed without affecting anything else.
SETVER Change MS-DOS version to trick older MS-DOS programs.
SHARE Installs support for file sharing and locking capabilities.
SHIFT Changes the position of replaceable parameters in a batch program.
SHUTDOWN Shutdown the computer from the MS-DOS prompt.
SMARTDRV Create a disk cache in conventional memory or extended memory.
SORT Sorts the input and displays the output to the screen.
START Start a separate window in Windows from the MS-DOS prompt.
SUBST Substitute a folder on your computer for another drive letter.
SWITCHES Remove add functions from MS-DOS.
SYS Transfer system files to disk drive.
TELNET Telnet to another computer / device from the prompt.
TIME View or modify the system time.
TITLE Change the title of their MS-DOS window.
TRACERT Visually view a network packets route across a network.
TREE View a visual tree of the hard disk drive.
TYPE Display the contents of a file.
UNDELETE Undelete a file that has been deleted.
UNFORMAT Unformat a hard disk drive.
UNLOCK Unlock a disk drive.
VER Display the version information.
VERIFY Enables or disables the feature to determine if files have been written properly.
VOL Displays the volume information about the designated drive.
XCOPY Copy multiple files, directories, and/or drives from one location to another.
TRUENAME When placed before a file, will display the whole directory in which it exists
TASKKILL It allows you to kill those unneeded or locked up applications

Tips to speed up your computer.

2009-10-01T08:47:00.000-07:00

Tips to speed up your computer.

1. Startup Processes

* Go to: Start>Run>Type "msconfig"(without the quotes)
* Go to the Startup Tab
* Uncheck any processes you don't use at startup(e.x. Quicktime, AIM, MSN)
* Click Apply then Restart

2. CCleaner
CCleaner is a great little application that deletes cookies, clears cache, empties your recycle bin, etc.

* Download CCleaner(from google)
* Iinstall CCleaner then Run Cleaner it(note: This will clear your cookies which means your saved passwords and usernames will be gone)
* Go to the Registry tab and Scan for Issues
{*]After its finished scanning click>Fix selected issues...>Fix All Selected Issues>Ok. Continue this process until scanning brings about no issues.

3. Bootvis.exe

* Download bootvis.exe(from google)
* Install bootvis.exe
* In the toolbar go to Trace>Optimize System. The system will reboot after 10 seconds.

How to Change the Automatic System Restore Point Settings in Vista Task Scheduler

2009-09-01T09:36:00.000-07:00

How to Change the Automatic System Restore Point Settings in Vista Task Scheduler

1. Open the Start Menu.

A) In the white line (Start Search) area, type taskschd.msc and press Enter.

B) Go to step 3.

OR

2. Open the Control Panel (Classic view).

A) Click on the Administrative Tools Icon.

B) Click on Task Scheduler.

3. Click on Continue in the UAC Prompt.

4. In the left pane click on the triangle next to Task Scheduler Library, Microsoft, and Windows to expand the folder tree.

5. Click on the SystemRestore folder.A) Choose a option or options below to do.
OPTION ONE:To Disable or Enable this Task Completely
6. To Disable this Task Completely -

A) In the middle pane, right click on the SR task and click on Disable.

B) Go to step 22.

7. To Enable this Task Completely -
NOTE: Check to make sure that each Daily (step 12 in OPTION TWO) and At startup (step 17 in OPTION THREE) trigger is also set as Enabled.

A) In the middle pane, right click on the SR task and click on Enable.

B) Continue to OPTION TWO.

OPTION TWO:To Change Only the Daily Trigger Settings NOTE
You will need to have the task enabled in step 7 to use this trigger. This is the trigger that creates a restore point at 12 AM every day by default. If you do not want to change these settings, then continue to OPTION THREE.
8. In the middle pane, right click on the SR task and click on Properties.

9. Click on the Triggers tab.

10. Click on the Daily trigger to highlight it and click on the Edit button.
11. To Disable the Daily Trigger -
NOTE: This is if you only wanted to have restore points create with the At startup (OPTION THREE) trigger instead.

A) Uncheck the Enabled box and click on OK.

B) Continue to OPTION THREE.

12. To Enable the Daily Trigger -A) Check the Enabled box.

B) If the default settings for the Daily trigger schedule are not what you want, then make any changes that you would like.

C) Click on OK.

D) Continue to OPTION THREE.

Installing Windows XP from a USB pen

2009-09-01T09:35:00.000-07:00

This tutorial is designed to help those in need of installing Microsoft Windows XP on any PC that is capable of booting from a UFD (USB Flash Device)
Before you start you will need at your disposal:

A properly functioning windows PC
a UFD (USB Flash Device) with a minimum size of 1GB
A Windows XP CD or image
A copy of WinSetupFromUSB-0.1.1 available here

FireFox tweaks

2009-09-01T08:17:00.001-07:00

1. To enable/disable Single Click Select URL of address bar
browser.urlbar.clickSelectsAll = True
browser.urlbar.clickSelectsAll = False

2. To auto Complete URL while typing in the address Bar
browser.urlbar.autoFill=True

3. To set the number of auto complete URL in the address bar

browser.urlbar.maxRichResults = #
(# indicates the number of auto complete URLs shown. The default is 12)

4. To disabler Browser Toolbar Tip
browser.chrome.toolbar_tips = False

5. To paste copied content by clicking the center button on the mouse
middlemouse.paste = True

6. To disable blinking text
browser.blink_allowed = False

7. To create a single close button to for all Firefox Opened Tabs.
browser.tabs.closeButtons = 3

8. To increase number of recently closed tabs.
browser.sessionstore.max_tabs_undo=15

9. Right click view source in your editor
view_source.editor.external=True
view_source.editor.path= Path of Editor

10. To enable fast scrolling across tabs
toolkit.scrollbox.scrollIncrement =75

11. To stop displaying website icon in address bar and on the tabs
browser.chrome.site_icons = False

12. To enable spell check in text fields
layout.spellcheckDefault = 2

13. To speed up the browser
network.http.max-connections 30 to 96
network.http.max-connections-per-server 15 to 32
network.http.max-persistent-connections-per-server 6 to 8
network.http.pipelining false to true
network.http.proxy.pipelining false to true
network.http.pipelining.maxrequests 30 to 8
network.http.pipelining.ssl false to true

14. To disable annoying browser behavior
Change the followowing values to 'false'
dom.disable_window_open_feature.titlebar

dom.disable_window_open_feature.menubar

dom.disable_window_move_resize
dom.disable_window_open_feature.toolbar

15. To show more tabs on single window
browser.tabs.tabMinWidth = 75

16. To display search results in new tab
browser.search.openintab=True.

rapidshare files with download accelerator and resume support..

2009-09-01T08:15:00.001-07:00

Rapidshare files with download accelerator and resume support..

www.itechnoheaven.com

Paste any rapidshare link and click generate link
It will download the file to its server and provide their new link and click that to download it supports download accelerators too and resume is possible.. i used with Orbit Downloader (google for it)

Deploying Windows XP Service Pack 2 using Software Update Services

2009-09-01T08:04:00.000-07:00

ntroduction

Windows XP Service Pack 2 (SP2) contains major security improvements designed to provide better protection against hackers, viruses, and worms. Windows XP SP2 also improves the manageability of the security features in Windows XP and provides more and better information to help users make decisions that may potentially affect their security and privacy. Microsoft strongly urges customers with Windows XP and Windows XP Service Pack 1-based systems to update to Windows XP SP2 as soon as possible.

As a best-practice approach to implementing a managed rollout of Windows XP SP2, customers are encouraged to use a corporate update management solution such as Systems Management Server (SMS) 2003 or Software Update Services (SUS).

The following section details considerations for deploying Windows XP SP2 using SUS.

Situation overview

Because Windows XP SP2 is a relatively large update (approximately 270 MB), SUS administrators need to consider the impact on internal network traffic and on the machine on which the SUS server is running.

For the vast majority of SUS implementations, server and network load will not be a concern and SUS administrators will not have to take mitigation actions described below, although it is recommended that the SUS administrator monitor the performance and load on the SUS server when the update is initially approved.

Under ideal conditions for a dedicated SUS server, assuming a 100 Mbps server network card capacity with 20% of this capacity consumed as overhead, it will take approximately 30 seconds for a SUS client to download the Windows XP SP2 update from the server. This translates to 2880 client downloads in a 24-hour period.

While this is the theoretical number of clients that can be supported in a 24-hour period if only one client is in contact with the server at any given time and there is no time gap between servicing one client and the next, a couple of factors contribute to reducing this number in reality. These include:

SUS clients contact the server at randomized intervals of between 17 and 22 hours. Hence, the client synchronizations are not serialized and it is likely that more than one client will contact the server at the same time, particularly in environments that have a large number of SUS clients.
If the SUS client machine is turned off when it is scheduled to contact the server, it will attempt to contact the SUS server approximately 10 minutes after the client machine has been turned on. Because many systems would typically be turned on around the beginning of the work day or the start of a work shift, an unusually high number of clients (relative the volume of clients contacting the server through the rest of the day) would attempt to contact the SUS server at this time.

Although clients that cannot be serviced by the SUS server because of capacity limitations will attempt to contact the server again after approximately 5 hours, this overload situation will result in slowing down the server and generating additional network overhead.

Overall recommendations

There are essentially three options, depending on the number of Windows XP systems to be updated using your SUS server (if you have one or a few SUS servers) and the topology of your SUS implementation (if you have many SUS servers):

No action is necessary if you have less than 2000 Windows XP machines that need to be updated with Windows XP SP2 per SUS server
Use the limited-time approval technique described below if you have between 2000 and 15000 Windows XP machines that need to be updated with Windows XP SP2 via the SUS server
Implement one of the following bandwidth throttling mechanisms if you need to control the maximum bandwidth used to deploy Windows XP SP2 using SUS:
- Limit the maximum number of concurrent connections and maximum bandwidth served on SUS IIS server
- Limit the maximum bandwidth used by SUS clients to download SUS content by configuring BITS (Background Intelligent Transfer Service) 2.0 accordingly

For the first (no action necessary) option, it is recommended that the SUS administrator monitor the server load when the update is first approved and for the first hour of the work day or first work shift after the Windows XP SP2 update has been approved.

The limited-time approval technique works by limiting the number of SUS clients that see the Windows XP SP2 update on the list of approved updates when they contact the SUS server on any given day while this technique is in use, thereby controlling the number of clients that are serviced per day and limiting the server load and additional network overhead (retry attempts, etc.).

The third set of options works by limiting the bandwidth used by the SUS implementation, thereby controlling the load on the server and the network.

Information about BSNL EVDO Card

2009-09-01T08:02:00.000-07:00

I have taken room near MMM Hospital.
I am planning to purchase BSNL EVDO.
What, I heard about BSNL EVDO is

First Inverstment: Rs. 4500/-

Monthly Rental: Rs. 500/-

Speed: 512 KBPS

Coverage: All Over Maha(In Travelling Also)

Download Limit: Unlimited

I think its cheap and best plan in BSNL because. I am already paying,

Rs. 960/- Per Month for BSNL BROADBAND 750 PLAN FOR SPEED 256 KBPS, UNLIMITED DOWNLOADING, WIRED MODEM.

But, I need to know your suggestions, who ever used this BSNL EVDO or heard about this in this thread.

Let this be useful not only to me. But all Exbians.

Set up a wireless network without a router

2009-09-01T08:00:00.000-07:00

Wireless networks are helpful because they let you use your computer and connect to the Internet anywhere in your home or office. However, most wireless networks use a wireless router, which can be expensive. If you have more than one computer, you can set up a wireless network without buying a wireless router and save yourself some money.

In a traditional wireless network, a wireless router acts as a base station, much like the base station for cordless phones. All wireless communications go through the wireless router, allowing nearby computers to connect to the Internet or to each other.

How to enable Internet Connection Sharing

On networks with wireless routers, the router has the important job of forwarding communications from the computers on your home network to the Internet. On ad hoc networks, you must designate one computer to serve this role. The computer you choose must have a wired connection to the Internet, and it should be left on whenever you want to be able to use your other computers.

Windows XP shows its progress as it connects to your network. After you're connected, you can close the Wireless Network Connection window.

Repeat these three steps on each computer that you want to connect to your ad hoc wireless network.

Now you're ready to browse the Web wirelessly, from any computer you add to your home network.

Googletalk Tips N Tricks

2009-09-01T07:58:00.000-07:00

Gtalk cheats...very usefull.................
complete Gtalk cheats:
You can edit most settings by opening regedit (start -> regedit),
and navigating to the key HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Google\Google Talk.
The "Google/Google Talk" key has several sub-keys that hold different option values:
Accounts: This one has subkeys for each different account that has logged in on the client. These keys have different values that store the username, password and connection options
Autoupdate: Stores the current version information. When the client checks for updates it compares Google's response with these values. If an update is needed, it will download and update the new version.
Options: This is the most interesting part, where most of the current hacks should be used (keep reading).
Process: Stores the process ID. Probably used by Google Talk to detect if it's already running or not.
1.) HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Google\Google Talk\Options\show_pin
If 1, shows a "pin" next to the minimize button that keeps the windows on top of all the other open windows when clicked.
2.)HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Google\Google Talk\Options\view_show_taskbutton
If 0, hides the taskbar button, and leaves the tray icon only, when the window is shown
3.)HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Google\Google Talk\Options\away_inactive
If 1, status will be set as Away after the specified number of minutes.
4.)HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Google\Google Talk\Options\away_screensaver
If 1, status will be set as Away after the specified number of minutes.
5.)HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Google\Google Talk\Options\inactive_minutes
Number of inactive minutes to become away if auto-away is on.

More Tips & Tricks:
?Change the font size - While holding the control key, move the scroll wheel on your mouse either up or down. This trick works while being focused in either the read or write area.
?Insert line breaks - If you want to have a message that spans multiple paragraphs, just hold shift and hit enter. You can add as many new lines as you want to create

Bold Text - To write something bold, you can use an asterisk before and after the word, like *this* .
Italic Text - To use italics, use an underscore before an after the word, like _this_ .

Switch windows - Hitting tab will cycle through open windows. It will select minimized conversations, to expand them just hit enter. If you just want to cycle through IM's and don't care about the buddy list, control-tab will do that and will automatically expand a minimized conversation if you settle on one.

Invitation Tips - You don’t need to say Yes or No when someone wants to add you as a friend; you can simply ignore it, the request will go away. (On the other hand, someone with whom you chat often will automatically turn to be your friend, unless you disable this in the options). ]

Show Hyperlinks - You can show your homepage or blog URL simply by entering the it in your away message (at the top of the main window). It will automatically turn to a link visible to others.

A message can be 32767 characters long.

How To
Conference Calls :
What you need to do to have conference calls: Open up a copy of Google Talk on all computers with which you wish to conference. After one copy is opened make a new shortcut for Google Talk but at the end of it add /nomutex. If you installed it to the default folder then your shortcut should read "C:\Program Files\Google\Google Talk\googletalk.exe" /nomutex. Open 2nd instances of the software on every user's computer. After this start a chain: User 1 should connect on one instance to user 2. User 2 will connect on his second instance to user 3. User 3 will connect using his second instance back to user 1. With this chain everyone is connected to everyone.

Keyboard Shortcuts:
Ctrl + E - It centralizes the selected text, or the current line.
Ctrl + R - It justifies to the right the selected text, or the current line.
Ctrl + L - It justifies to the left the selected text, or the current line.
Ctrl + I - The same thing does that Tab.
Tab - It is giving the area to each of the windows opened by Google Talk.
Ctrl + Tab - The same thing does that Shift + Tab .
Shift + Tab - The same thing does that Tab but in reverse.
Ctrl + Shift + L -Switch between points, numbers, letters, capital letters, roman numbers and capital roman numbers
Ctrl + 1 (KeyPad) - It does a simple space between the lines.
Ctrl + 2 (KeyPad) - It does a double space between the lines.
Ctrl + 5 (KeyPad) - A space does 1.5 between the lines.
Ctrl + 1 (NumPad) - It goes at the end of the last line.
Ctrl + 7 (NumPad) - It goes at the begin of the last line.
Ctrl + F4 - It closes the current window.
Alt + F4 - It closes the current window.
Alt + Esc - It Minimize all the windows.
Windows + ESC - Open Google Talk (if it's minimized, or in the tray)
F9 - Open Gmail to send an email to the current contact.
F11 - It initiates a telephonic call with your friend.
F12 - It cancels a telephonic call.
Esc - It closes the current window.
If you have several Google Gmail accounts you also may want to run multiple instances of Google Talk This is especially important for families that share a single PC. Nothing worse than a family member signing you out so they can sign in under their own account!
Basically, to have "Google Polygamy" you need to run Google Talk with the following switch: /nomutex
Step 1: Right-click on the desktop
Step 2: Select New
Step 3: Select Shortcut
Step 4: Paste this into the text box:
"c:\program files\google\google talk\googletalk.exe" /nomutex
Step 5: Click Next and choose a shortcut name such as Google Talk1, Google Talk2, or something related to your Gmail account for easy remembering which account is which.
Step 6: Click OK

More parameters for Gtalk Start -> Run
Here’s a complete list of what you can do with Gtalk in run command prompt.

"C:\Program Files\Google\Google Talk\googletalk.exe" /parameter

/nomutex: Open more than 1 Gtalk.
/autostart: Check the registry settings to see if Gtalk needs to be started. If the “Start automatically with Windows” option is unchecked, it won’t start.
/forcestart: Similar to /autostart, but forces Gtalk to start.
/S upgrade: Used when upgrading Google Talk
/register: registers Google Talk in the registry, includig the GMail Compose method.
/checkupdate: check for newer versions
/plaintextauth: uses plain authentication mechanism instead then Google’s GAIA mechanism. Used for testing the plain method on Google’s servers.
/nogaiaauth: disables GAIA authentication method. The same as above.
/factoryreset: set settings back to default.
/gaiaserver servername.com: uses a different GAIA server to connect to Google Talk. Used for debug purposes only, there are no other known GAIA servers.
/mailto email@host.com: send an email with Gmail
/diag: start Google Talk in diagnostic mode
/log: probably has something to do with the diagnostic logging

4. Adding a web URL in custom message will result it to be clickable.
5.Googletalk supports these following emotions and they are in blue colors

Funny Mozilla tricks

2009-09-01T07:56:00.000-07:00

chrome://global/content/alerts/alert.xul
IT SHOWS Dancing Firefox.

chrome://browser/content/browser.xul
IT Opens another Firefox inside a tab in the the existing Firefox window.

chrome://browser/content/preferences/preferences.xul
IT Opens the Options dialog box inside the Firefox tab.

chrome://browser/content/bookmarks/bookmarksPanel.xul
IT Opens the “Book Marks Manager” inside a tab in the Firefox window.

chrome://browser/content/history/history-panel.xul
IT Opens the History Panel in the Firefox tab.

chrome://mozapps/content/extensions/extensions.xul?type=extensions
IT Opens the Extensions window in the current tab.

chrome://browser/content/preferences/cookies.xul
IT Opens the “cookies window” inside a tab in the Firefox window.

chrome://browser/content/preferences/sanitize.xul
IT Opens the “Clear Private Data” window inside the current tab.

chrome://browser/content/aboutDialog.xul
IT Opens the “About Firefox” Dialog box inside the tab.

chrome://browser/content/credits.xhtml
IT A scrolling list of names. The one’s who we must thank for creating Firefox

Web Hosting Services

2009-07-31T01:07:00.000-07:00

Free Web Hosting Service:

A free web hosting service is a web hosting service that is free, usually advertisement-supported. Free web hosts will usually provide a subdomain (yoursite.example.com) or a directory (www.example.com/yourname). In contrast, paid web hosts will usually provide a second-level domain along with the hosting (www.yourname.com). Many free hosts do allow use of separately-purchased domains. Rarely, a free host may also operate as a domain name registrar.

Example : www.Orgfree.com

Monetizing Free Web Hosting:

The majority of the hosting companies use free hosting to introduce their services, and as an entry point to their more expensive offerings. Generally they recoup their costs in one of a few ways:

* Advertising - Selling online advertising on the customer sites is generally considered a fair trade - the reasoning is that high traffic sites are more expensive to host, but the additional traffic allows for additional ad impressions therefore covering the cost. For the web master, it can be a good trade if the advertising is of good quality and non-competitive. This is one of the main reasons that businesses do not use free hosting for their website. The majority of free hosting companies use this method.

* Referrals - Using a simple form of viral marketing, these providers rely on the users to spread the offer. The ratio of free to paid accounts is known, and by having each free user refer a number of friends, the hosting provider is able to get enough paid accounts to cover the cost.

* Resell Hosting - This is where someone starts up a hosting company, attracts lots of visitors, then sells the hosting company to someone else once it can no longer support itself. Once sold, this individual uses the money to start up multiple hosting ventures and sells each in turn.

Some hosting companies are using hybrid approaches that mix these tactics.

Methods of giving out web hosting:

A few methods of giving out Free Webhosting to people by Webhosts.

Instant Activation:

Due to the risks of illegal, inappropriate, and abusive website, hosts with instant activation usually give very little storage space and monthly bandwidth. Other restrictions will likely also be in effect. The webhosts usually either require the users' web pages to display their banner ads, textlink ads, or popups; or else the users' files to be uploaded through a web-based file manager that display ads to the user uploading files.

Hosts with instant activation are often abused, such as link spamming.

Post for Hosting:

Some free hosts require posting in a forum. Forum-based free hosting requires users to either reach a certain amount of posts before getting a free hosting account, or be an active contributor in the forum. Forum-based free hosting often work on a system of points where posts give points to a user and can be used as credits toward getting a hosting account or more resources. Typically, the forum where users have to post contains advertising as the hosts way of making a profit.

Forum applications:

This method is popular, as the hosts can decide which applications to deny and allow. This is common when a popular forum has free hosting as an add-on service, rather than the other way around.

Facial Recognition Software

2009-07-29T09:50:00.001-07:00

The technology within facial recognition software has the potential for an extensive range of uses, far beyond just matching the facial features of people in a crowd to those of crooks in a database. Several airports have experimented with it to identify “people of interest” attempting to cross U.S. borders, but given that it’s a new technology that often provides false positives, facial recognition software hasn’t yet been widely adopted as a means toward that end. Even so, the United Kingdom reportedly has plans to electronically include facial biometrics in passports by 2009 to help curb identity theft. In addition, some manufacturers of portable devices, such as mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs (personal digital assistants), have been working on bundling facial recognition software with their products—the thought being that if your phone doesn’t recognize a user, it won’t work. That would increase the security of the device itself and make it a less attractive target for thieves. Facial recognition software also can be used instead of a pass code or security card to grant access to high-security facilities, such as nuclear reactors and bank vaults.

Protect E mail Account from Spam & Spyware !!

2009-07-16T08:10:00.000-07:00

A year after she bought Spyware Doctor using a debit card, Price received e-mail stating that the annual renewal fee had been debited from her checking account. “I was not asked if I wanted a yearly renewal,” she says. “I did not authorize any renewal, and I definitely did not authorize the company to access my checking account.” Welcome to Subscription Hell. A growing number of programs, utilities, and even games charge yearly or monthly fees for software, updates, or support. Major antivirus packages have long charged annual fees for virus signature and other updates (and also nag you to buy upgrades), but other types of software are moving to subscription pricing. For example, Cerulean Studios’ Trillian Pro cross-platform instant messaging client costs $25 a year for tech support, forum access, and updates. For many users the problem lies not in paying a few bucks every year, but in managing subscriptions or canceling them, which isn’t always easy. Here’s how to avoid subscription surprises and deal with common problems.

While no one likes plowing through legalese, it’s the best way to see what you will be getting into. With Spyware Doctor, for example, you must click through to its checkout page to find the terms of service; near the top of the terms of service, the agreement states clearly that the company will renew your subscription automatically “by directly charging your credit card or debiting your debit card prior to each anniversary of the date of purchase…” PC Tools does not provide the option of limiting the subscription to a single period, either. Price admits that she never read the agreement, instead assuming that “any renewal would follow other subscriptions I’ve had: advance notice by e-mail and the option to renew or not.” Don’t assume that one company’s policies will emulate another’s. Take the time to read the license agreement so you don’t get an unwelcome surprise 365 days later.Much subscription grief arises from changes to your contact information or your credit card. For example, if you change your e-mail address and don’t update subscription accounts, you won’t receive notices of upcoming renewals. Th at could lead to unwanted automatic re - newals or service cancellation (which in the case of antivirus soft ware might leave you exposed to viruses whose signatures you haven’t downloaded). Similarly, if you cancel a credit card or it expires, notify companies that bill you automatically so that your account won’t be suspended or canceled.

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

2009-07-13T10:45:00.000-07:00

IP (logical) addresses are assigned independently from physical (hardware) addresses. The logical address is called a 32-bit IP address, and the physical address is a 48-bit MAC address in Ethernet and token ring protocols. The delivery of a packet to a host or a router requires two levels of addressing, such as logical (IP) address and physical (MAC) addresses. When a host or a router has an IP datagram forwarding to another host or router, it must know the logical IP address of the receiver. Since the IP datagram is encapsulated in a form to be passed through the physical network (such as a LAN), the sender needs the physical MAC address of the receiver.

Mapping of an IP address to a physical address can be done by either static or dynamic mapping. Static mapping means creating a table that associates an IP address with a physical address. But static mapping has some limitations because table lookups are inefficient. As a consequence, static mapping creates a huge overhead on the network. Dynamic mapping can employ a protocol to find the other. Two protocols (ARP and RARP) have been designed to perform dynamic mapping. When a host needs to find the physical address of another host or router on its network, it sends an ARP query packet. The intended recipient recognises its IP address and sends back an ARP response which contains the recipient IP and physical addresses. An ARP request is broadcast to all devices on the network, while an ARP reply is unicast to the host requesting the mapping.

mapping. Let a host or router call a machine. A machine uses ARP to find the physical address of another machine by broadcasting an ARP request. The request contains the IP address of the machine for which a physical address is needed. All machines (M1, M2, M3, . . .) on the network receive an ARP request. If the request matches a M2 machine’s IP address, the machine responds by sending a reply that contains the requested physical address. Note that Ethernet uses the 48-bit address of all 1’s (FFFFFFFFFFFF) as the broadcast address.

A proxy ARP is an ARP that acts on behalf of a set of hosts. Proxy ARP can be used to create a subnetting effect. In proxy ARP, a router represents a set of hosts. When an ARP request seeks the physical address of any host in this set, the router sends its own physical address. This creates a subnetting effect. Whenever looking for the IP address of one of these hosts, the router sends an ARP reply announcing its own physical address. To make address resolution easy, choose both IP and physical addresses the same length. Address resolution is difficult for Ethernet-like networks because the physical address of the Ethernet interface is 48 bits long and the high-level IP address is 32 bits long. In order for the 48-bit physical address to encode a 32-bit IP address, the next generation of IP is being designed to allow 48-bit physical (hardware) addresses P to be encoded in IP addresses I by the functional relationship of P = f (I).

Addressing schemes

2009-07-13T10:43:00.000-07:00

Each IP address is made of two parts in such a way that the netid defines a network and the hostid identifies a host on that network. An IP address is usually written as four decimal integers separated by decimal points i.e. 239.247.135.93. If this IP address changes from decimal-point notation to binary form, it becomes 11101111 11110111 10000111 01011101. Thus, we see that each integer gives the value of one octet (byte) of the IP address. IP addresses are divided into five different classes: A, B, C, D and E. Classes A, B and C differ in the number of hosts allowed per network. Class D is used for multicasting and class E is reserved for future use. Table 2.3 shows the number of networks and hosts in five different IP address classes. Note that the binary numbers in brackets denote class prefixes. The relationship between IP address classes and dotted decimal numbers is summarised in Table 2.4, which shows the range of values for each class. The use of leading bits as class prefixes means that the class of a computer’s network can be determined by the numerical value of its address. A number of IP addresses have specific meanings. The address 0.0.0.0 is reserved and 224.0.0.0 is left unused. Addresses in the range 10.0.0.0 through to 10.255.255.255 are available for use in private intranets. Addresses in the range 240.0.0.0 through to 255.255.255.255 are class E addresses and are reserved for future use when new protocols are developed. Address 255.255.255.255 is the broadcast address,

Network Access Layer

2009-07-13T10:42:00.000-07:00

The network access layer contains protocols that provide access to a communication network. At this layer, systems are interfaced to a variety of networks. One function of this layer is to route data between hosts attached to the same network. The services to be provided are flow control and error control between hosts. The network access layer is invoked either by the Internet layer or the application layer. This layer provides the device drivers that support interactions with communications hardware such as the token ring or Ethernet. The IEEE token ring, referred to as the Newhall ring, is probably the oldest ring control technique and has become the most popular ring access technique in the USA. The Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) is a standard for a high-speed ring LAN. Like the IEEE 802 standard, FDDI employs the token ring algorithm.

What is the OSI Model ?

2009-07-13T10:40:00.000-07:00

The Ethernet, originally called the Alto Aloha network, was designed by the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in 1973 to provide communication for research and development CP/M computers. When in 1976 Xerox started to develop the Ethernet as a 20Mbps product, the network prototype was called the Xerox Wire. In 1980, when the Digital, Intel and Xerox standard was published to make it a LAN standard at 10 Mbps, Xerox Wire changed its name back to Ethernet. Ethernet became a commercial product in 1980 at 10 Mbps. The IEEE called its Ethernet 802.3 standard CSMA/CD (or carrier sense multiple access with collision detection). As the 802.3 standard evolved, it has acquired such names as Thicknet (IEEE 10Base-5), Thinnet or Cheapernet (10Base-2), Twisted Ethernet (10Base-T) and Fast Ethernet (100Base-T).

The design of Ethernet preceded the development of the seven-layer OSI model. The Open System Interconnect (OSI) model was developed and published in 1982 by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) as a generic model for data communication. The OSI model is useful because it is a broadly based document, widely available and often referenced. Since modularity of communication functions is a key design criterion in the OSI model, vendors who adhere to the standards and guidelines of this model can supply Ethernet-compatible devices, alternative Ethernet channels, higherperformance Ethernet networks and bridging protocols that easily and reliably connect other types of data network to Ethernet.

Since the OSI model was developed after Ethernet and Signaling System #7 (SS7), there are obviously some discrepancies between these three protocols. Yet the functions and processes outlined in the OSI model were already in practice when Ethernet or SS7 was developed. In fact, SS7 networks use point-to-point configurations between signalling points. Due to the point-to-point configurations and the nature of the transmissions, the simple data link layer does not require much complexity.

The OSI reference model specifies the seven layers of functionality, as shown in Figure 1.2. It defines the seven layers from the physical layer (which includes the network adapters), up to the application layer, where application programs can access network services. However, the OSI model does not define the protocols that implement the functions at each layer.

Implementations of the OSI model stipulate communication between layers on two processors and an interface for interlayer communication on one processor. Physical communication occurs only at layer 1. All other layers communicate downward (or upward) to lower (or higher) levels in steps through protocol stacks.

The following briefly describes the seven layers of the OSI model:

1. Physical layer. The physical layer provides the interface with physical media. The interface itself is a mechanical connection from the device to the physical medium used to transmit the digital bit stream. The mechanical specifications do not specify the electrical characteristics of the interface, which will depend on the medium being used and the type of interface. This layer is responsible for converting the digitaldata into a bit stream for transmission over the network. The physical layer includes the method of connection used between the network cable and the network adapter, as well as the basic communication stream of data bits over the network cable. The physical layer is responsible for the conversion of the digital data into a bit stream for transmission when using a device such as a modem, and even light, as in fibre optics. For example, when using a modem, digital signals are converted into analogue audible tones which are then transmitted at varying frequencies over the telephone line. The OSI model does not specify the medium, only the operative functionality for a standardised communication protocol. The transmission media layer specifies the physical medium used in constructing the network, including size, thickness and other characteristics.

2. Data link layer. The data link layer represents the basic communication link that exists between computers and is responsible for sending frames or packets of data without errors. The software in this layer manages transmissions, error acknowledgement and recovery. The transceivers are mapped data units to data units to provide physical error detection and notification and link activation/deactivation of a logical communication connection. Error control refers to mechanisms to detect and correct errors that occur in the transmission of data frames. Therefore, this layer includes error correction, so when a packet of data is received incorrectly, the data link layer makes system send the data again. The data link layer is also defined in the IEEE 802.2 logical link control specifications.

Data link control protocols are designed to satisfy a wide variety of data link requirements: – High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) developed by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO 3309, ISO 4335);

– Advanced Data Communication Control Procedures (ADCCP) developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI X3.66);

– Link Access Procedure, Balanced (LAP-B) adopted by the CCITT as part of its X.25 packet-switched network standard;

– Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) is not a standard, but is in widespread use. There is practically no difference between HDLC and ADCCP. Both LAP-B and SDLC are subsets of HDLC, but they include several additional features.

3. Network layer. The network layer is responsible for data transmission across networks. This layer handles the routing of data between computers. Routing requires some complex and crucial techniques for a packet-switched network design. To accomplish the routing of packets sending from a source and delivering to a destination, a path or route through the network must be selected. This layer translates logical network addressing into physical addresses and manages issues such as frame fragmentation and traffic control. The network layer examines the destination address and determines the link to be used to reach that destination. It is the borderline between hardware and software. At this layer, protocol mechanisms activate data routing by providing network address resolution, flow control in terms of segmentation and blocking and collision control (Ethernet). The network layer also provides service selection,

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